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FL0RIDx4 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
E. H. SELLARDS, Ph. D., State Geologist
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
Published For
THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Tallahassee, 1913
/
The Record Company
ST. AUGCSTINE
FLORIDA
52194
CONTENTS.
page:.
Administrative report . 7
Origin of the' Hard Rock Phosphates of Florida, by E. H. Sellards.. 23
Eist of Elevations in Florida, by E. H. Sellards . . 81
Artesian Water Supply of Eastern and Southern Florida, by E. H.
Sellards and Herman Gunter . 103
Production of Phosphate in Florida during 1912, by E. H. Sellards... 291
Statistics on Public Roads in Florida, by E. H. Sellards . '295
Index . 299
Plate
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PLATES.
Phosphate boulder showing secondary deposition.
Laminated phosphate boulder.
Phosphate rock.
Teeth of mastodon from the phosphate deposits.
Teeth and foot bone of horse, and teeth of mastodon.
Sharks’ teeth from the phosphate deposits.
Sharks’ teeth from the phosphate deposits.
Phosphate washer and prospect drill.
Phosphate pit after the removal of the phosphate.
Palmetto flatwoods, Amelia Island.
Palmetto flatwoods, Ft. Myers.
Scrub, east side of Lake Kingsley, Clay County.
Sandy pineland, DeLeon Springs.
Open flatwoods, three miles east of DeLeon Springs.
Everglades west of Ft. Lauderdale.
Small prairie, four miles west of Sebastian.
Turnbull Hammock, one mile west of Daytona.
Sand dune near Mayport.
Ancient sand dune, two miles west of Daytona.
Exposure at Saw Pit landing, St. Marys River.
Exposure of hardpan at Black Bluff on Clark’s Creek eight
miles from Fernandina.
Artesian well used for power, Melbourne, in Brevard County.
10.
Fig.
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12.
Fig.
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13.
Fig.
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14.
Fig.
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Fig.
2.
FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Artesian basin.
Fig. 2. Artesian slope.
Fig. 3. Artesian water from unconfined horizontal beds.
Fig. 4. Artesian water from solution passages in limestone.
Fig. 5. Method of measuring flow of artesian well.
Fig. 6. Map showing area of artesian flow in Nassau and Duval Counties.
Fig. 7. Map showing the area of artesian flow in St. Johns County.
4
CONTENTS.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Map showing the' areas of artesian flow in Clay and Putnam
Counties.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Orange and Seminole
Counties.
Flowing artesian well.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Volusia County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Pinellas and Hillsboro
Counties.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Polk County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Osceola County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Manatee County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in DeSoto County.
MAPS.
Map showing the limestone region of Central Florida.
Map showing the location of the hard rock and land pebble phosphates.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
To His Excellency, Hon. Park Trammell,
Governor of Florida.
Sir: — In accordance with the Survey law I submit herewith
my Fifth Annual Report as State Geologist of Florida. This
report contains the statement of expenditures by the Survey for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, to which I have added a list
of the expenditures of the Survey for the succeeding half year
ending December 31, 1912. The progress of the Survey inves¬
tigations during the year are shown by the scientific papers that
will form a part of this report. These include a paper on the
origin of the hard rock phosphates of Florida; a report on the
artesian water supply of southern Florida, and a list of elevations
in the State together with a second edition of the general topo¬
graphic map of the State previously published.
I venture to add here a resume of the principal investigations
of the Survey since its organization and to make certain recom¬
mendations which I believe to be for the good of the future use¬
fulness of the Survey. Permit me to express in this connection
my appreciation of the interest you have shown in the work of
the State Geological Survey.
Very respectfully,
E. H. SELLARDS,
State Geologist.
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT.
E. H. SELLARDS, STATE GEOLOGIST.
PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
INVESTIGATIONS.
Aside from miscellaneous and routine work, the principal
investigations that have been carried out by the State Geological
Survey since its organization may be grouped under six heads
as follows :
I. Assemblage of the literature on the geology of Florida
and a review of the important publications issued previous to the
organization of the State Survey. This review of the literature
together with the bibliography of publications relating to the
geology of Florida was included in the First Annual Report. The
publications obtained in this connection form a part of the Survey
library.
II. A Report on the Geology and Stratigraphy of Florida.
This report included in the Second Annual Report was prepared
in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. It
serves as a preliminary account of the geology of the State, and
brings together all the information relating to the geology that
was then available.
III. A General Topographic and Geologic Map of Florida.
With the general report on the geology of Florida referred to
above there was included a topographic and geologic map of Flor¬
ida. The topography was shown on this map with as much detail
as the information available regarding elevations would permit,
the contour lines being placed at 50 foot intervals of elevation.
A second edition of this map is included in the report now being
issued.
IV. A very important natural resource of Florida is the
underground or artesian water supply. This subject was one of
the first taken up by the Survey, and with the publication of the
present report the preliminary investigation of the water supply
is completed. The papers published on this subject are as follows :
8
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The Underground Water Supply of Central Florida, Bulletin
No. 1; The Artesian Water Supply of Eastern Florida, Third
Annual Report; The Underground Water Supply of West-Cen¬
tral and West Florida, Fourth Annual Report; The Artesian
Water Supply of Southern Florida, Fifth Annual Report.
V. The Soils. A general report on the soils of the State
formed a part of the Fourth Annual Report. This paper included
an account of the origin and character of the soils of Florida,
and was intended as a basis for subsequent detailed soil surveys.
VI. The Mineral Resources. Information bearing on the
mineral resources of the State has formed a part of each annual
report issued. An account of the fuller’s earth deposits as
complete as the information then at hand would permit was in¬
cluded in the Second Annual Report. Papers on the phosphate
deposits formed a part of the Third and the present (Fifth)
Annual Reports. The peat deposits of the State, which are exten¬
sive, were described in the Third Annual Report. The clay re¬
sources have received general treatment in the First and Second
Annual Reports.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
MORE OFFICE SPACE NECESSARY.
The State Survey is at present housed in two small rooms.
Of these one is used as store room, photo room and exhibition
room ; the other serves as library, office and work room. These
small rooms including about 1,000 square feet of floor space are
totally inadequate to the requirements of effective work. Fully
10,000 square feet of floor space is necessary to meet the immedi¬
ate requirements of the Survey. The library shelves are full, and
it is now and for some time has been quite impossible to care for
the publications that are being received. Many of these new
publications represent the results of investigations by the neigh¬
boring State Surveys or by the National Survey, and are very
necessary for comparative purposes to the Florida Survey. Other
publications being received from various sources are for refer¬
ence purposes and are necessary to the determination of fossils or
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
9
mineral specimens, or of geological formations, or other matters
in connection with the Survey work.
The Survey at present is practically without a work room.
There is no table or desk room available to store or to handle the
maps, charts, and drawings that are constantly being used in the
Survey work. It is impossible from lack of space to properly
open up and study the collection of mineral and fossil specimens
that have been obtained by the Survey. The store room space is
too small to accommodate even the current issues of the Survey’s
own publications which must be cared for temporarily awaiting
their distribution.
In connection with the work of the Survey there is a constant
accumulation of notes, records, photographs, manuscripts, plates
and cuts, as well as the general correspondence of the office which
must be cared for. The present limited office space affords no
room for storing, filing or properly caring for these records.
I urgently recommend, if if meets with your approval, that
the Legislature be asked to provide adequate rooms for the future
work of the State Geological Survey.
a. state; musfum.
The desirability of an adequate museum in which to properly
exhibit the resources of the State is apparent. The State Survey
law makes it the duty of the State Geologist to collect, determine
and label specimens illustrating the geological and mineral fea¬
tures of the State and large collections have been made since the
Survey was organized. The small room used for exhibition
purposes has long since been filled and a large amount of material
suitable for exhibition remains unopened in boxes as collected. It
.is important that the State provide for the proper preservation
and exhibition of the Survey collections in a State Museum.
DEMAND FOR CLAY TESTING LABORATORY.
There is a very urgent demand on the part of the citizens of
the State for a laboratory in which the various clays may be prop-
erlv tested for brick making and other purposes. It is a well
known fact that the utility of clays is determined not so much by
10
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
their chemical as by their physical properties. To properly test
a clay it is therefore necessary to install the testing machinery.
Effective clay testing machinery will require for installation more
space than is now available in the Survey rooms.
THE PREPARATION OE A DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OE FLORIDA.
While a general topographic map of Florida with contour
lines at 50 foot intervals of elevation has been issued, as already
stated, there is a constant demand for detailed topographic maps
on a scale of about one inch to the mile and with contour lines at
10 foot intervals of elevation. Topographic maps are usually
made in atlas sheets covering unit areas bounded by parallels and
meridians. The unit adopted by the United States Geological
Survey in topographic mapping designated as the quadrangle,
includes when made on the scale of about one inch to the mile an
area of 15' of latitude by 15' of longitude. A separate atlas sheet
is issued for each unit area and when completed the maps so
issued make up a complete map for the State as a whole. The
maps thus made show the land area in relief by means of contour
lines. In this way all hills, valleys, stream . channels, sinks, de¬
pressions and all changes in elevation are indicated. The actual
elevation above sea, based on exact levels, are also shown by
means of figures printed on the contour lines. Each contour
passes through points which have the same altitude. One who
follows the contour on the ground will go neither up hill nor
down hill but on a level. By the use of contours the shapes of
the plains, hills and valleys as well as their elevations are shown.
The line of the sea coast itself is a contour line, the datum or
zero of elevation being mean sea level. The contour line at, say,
20 feet above sea level is a line that would be the sea coast if the
sea were to rise or the land to sink 20 feet. Such a line runs
back up the valleys and forward around the points of hills and
spurs. On a gentle slope this contour line is far from the present
coast line, while on a steep slope it is near it. Thus a succession
of these contour lines far apart on the map indicates a gentle
slope; if close together a steep slope; and if the contours run
together in one line, as if each were vertically under the one
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
11
above it, they indicate a cliff. The heights of many definite points,
such as road corners, railroad crossings, railroad stations, sum¬
mits, water surfaces, triangulation stations and bench marks are
also given on the map. The figures in each case are placed close
to the point to which they apply, and express the elevation to
the nearest foot.
In addition to indicating relief and actual elevation above sea
these maps show all other natural features such as lakes, ponds,
rivers, streams, canals, swamps and all cultural features includ¬
ing public roads, railroads, towns, cities, county and State
boundaries.
The topographic maps thus prepared find many uses. They
are above all essential to the proper planning of drainage opera¬
tions throughout all of the interior of the State. It is a well-
known fact that we have in Florida, particularly in the flatwoods
section, large areas of land that although not actually flooded
yet would be much improved by the more rapid removal of the
heavy summer rains. Other large and valuable tracts of land, but
little used at present, by a proper system of drainage, can
ultimately be made valuable and productive land. The topogra¬
phic maps such as are here contemplated are essential to the
proper planning of drainage operations.
The topographic maps are of very great assistance in the
preparation of detailed soil maps. They afford first of all an
exact base map of the area to be surveyed, thereby reducing the
cost of the soil map about one-half. They also facilitate the study
of the soils which bear well known relations to drainage and
moisture conditions. In detailed geologic mapping and in the
study of the mineral resources topographic maps are practically
necessary for the detailed final reports.
Topographic maps find many additional uses. They are of
very great assistance in the laying out and developing a system
of public roads, showing as they do the relief of the land includ¬
ing hills, depressions and valleys. In planning the location of
railroads, canals, waterways or other public improvements thev
are of great assistance. Finally they afford to the land owners
12
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
as well as to the citizens in general the manifold conveniences of
a well-made and accurate map on a large scale.
COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN
THE PREPARATION OE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.
Many of the States cooperate with the National Geological
Survey through their respective State Survey organizations in
the preparation of topographic maps. The usual basis of such
cooperation is an equal contribution of funds on the part of the
State and National Survey. The plan of mapping followed is
that already developed and established by the National Survey.
The men employed in the mapping are the expert topographic
mappers already in the employ of the National Survey. The
following States are either now cooperating or have in the past
cooperated with the National Geological Survey in this work:
Alabama, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louis¬
iana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi,
Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla¬
homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia and West Virginia.
It is probable that such cooperation can be secured in the
preparation of the topographic maps of Florida, thus practically
doubling for the State any appropriation made by tbe legislature
for this purpose. The Director of the United States. Geological
Survey has repeatedly expressed his willingness to cooperate with
the State Geological Survey in the preparation of topographic
maps, meeting any appropriation made by the State with an equal
amount so far as funds permit. An appropriation made for the
preparation of topographic maps may be so framed as to admit
of cooperation with the United States Geological Survey ; or may
be made if desired contingent upon such cooperation to be carried
on in accordance with plans approved by the Governor.
SOIL MAPS.
Another very important line of investigation is the prepara¬
tion of detailed soil maps. While a general report on the soil's of
the State has been issued by the Survey, there is a very great
I
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 13
demand for specific information regarding local soils such as can
be supplied only by detailed soil maps of the several counties. A
limited amount of soil mapping has already been done by the
United States Bureau of Soils. As in the case of topographic
maps many of the States are cooperating with the National
Bureaus in the preparation of soil maps, and it is probable that
an appropriation made for this purpose would be doubled by the
United States Bureau of Soils. I would urgently recommend
an appropriation of $5,000 per annum for the preparation of topo¬
graphic and soil maps. Such an appropriation may be made
contingent upon cooperation with the national bureaus and would
thus result in the expenditure of $10,000 per annum in the State
for this purpose.
EXPOSITIONS.
National Conservation Exposition at Knoxville. — A National
Conservation Exposition will be held at Knoxville, Tennessee,
during September, and October of the present year. This exposi¬
tion is intended especially to exhibit the natural resources of the
Southern States and to encourage their development. The
opportunity is favorable for making more widely known both the
mineral and agricultural resources of Florida and it is to be
hoped that provision will be made by which the State may make
a good showing at this exposition.
Panama Exposition at San Francisco. — A world exposition
will be held at San Francisco in 1915 to commemorate the open¬
ing of the Panama Canal. Florida by reason of its extensive
coast line and its nearness to the canal zone is specially interested
in this exposition, and can not afford to lose the opportunity of
making its favorable location with regard to the canal more
widely known. It is none too soon to begin the compilation of
data on the harbors of Florida, and the preparation of maps,
charts and drawings showing their relation to the canal and to
the population and business centers of the United States, as well
as to the lines of transportation within the United States. The
exhibitions of the mineral and agricultural resources made for
14
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the exposition at Knoxville may be used subsequently for the
Panama exposition.
MEMBERS OE THE STATE SURVEY.
The members of the State Survey during the past year have
been, in addition to the State Geologist, Mr. Herman Gunter,
and during, a part of the year Mr. Emil Gunter. Stenographic
and clerical services were rendered at various times by Ada Moore
and T. C. Alford. The chemical analyses necessary to the work
of the State Survey are made by the State Chemist.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED DURING 1912.
The Fourth Annual Report of the Geological Survey was
issued during the year. This report contains in addition to
statistics on phosphate rock and fuller’s earth, papers on the Soils
and Other Surface Residual Materials of Florida, and on the
Water Supply of West-Central and West Florida.
distribution oe reports. •
The reports issued by the State Geological Survey are dis¬
tributed upon request, and may be obtained without cost by
addressing the State Geologist, Tallahassee, Florida.
THE PURPOSE and DUTIES OE THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Among the specific objects for which the Survey exists, as
stated in the enactment, is that of making known information
regarding the minerals, water supply and other natural resources
of the State, including the occurrence and location of minerals
and other deposits of value, surface and subterranean water
supply and power and mineral waters and the best and most
economic methods of development, together with analysis of soils,
minerals and mineral waters, with maps, charts, and drawings
of the same.
A distinctly educational function of the Survey is indicated
by Section 4 of the law, which makes it the duty of the State
Geologist to make collections of specimens, illustrating the geo¬
logical and mineral features of the State, duplicate sets of which
i
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
15
shall be deposited with each of the State colleges. The publica¬
tion of annual reports is provided for as a means of disseminating
the information obtained in the progress of the Survey. The
Survey is thus intended to serve on the one hand an economic,
and on the other an educational purpose. In its economic rela¬
tions a State Survey touches on very varied interests of the State's
development. In its results it may be expected to contribute to
an intelligent development of the State’s natural resources. Its
educational’ value is of no less immediate concern to the State,
both to the citizens within the State and to prospective citizens
without.
A knowledge of the soil and of the available water supply is
very necessary to successful agriculture, and the Survey’s in¬
vestigations along these lines are of value to all land owners. A
knowledge of the mineral deposits which may lie beneath the
surface, is likewise necessary to a correct valuation of land.
relation of the state survey to the OWNERSHIP of MINERAL
LANDS.
The relation of the State Geological Survey to the ownership
of mineral lands is specifically defined. The Survey law provides
that it shall be the duty of the State Geologist and his assistants,
when they discover any mineral deposits or substances of value,
to notify the owners of the land upon which such deposits occur
before disclosing their location to any other person or persons.
Failure to do so is punishable by fine and imprisonment. It is
not intended by the law, however, that the State Geologist’s time
shall be devoted to examinations and reports upon the value of
private mineral lands. Reports of this character are properly the
province of commercial geologists, who may be employed by the
owners of land for that purpose. To accomplish the best results,
the work of the Survey must be in accordance with definite plans
by which the State’s resources are investigated in an orderly
manner. Only such examinations of private lands can be made as
are incidental to the regularly planned investigations of the
Survey.
16
FLORIDA STAFF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
SAMPLES SENT TO THE SURVEY FOR EXAMINATION.
Samples of rocks, minerals and fossils will be at all times
gladly received, and reported upon. Attention to inquiries and
general correspondence are a part of the duties of the office, and
afford a means through which the Survey may in many ways be
useful to the citizens of the State.
THE COLLECTION OF STATISTICAL INFORMATION.
For many purposes the collection and publication of statistical
information is helpful, both to the industries concerned and to
the general public. Such statistical information is desired from
all the mineral industries of the State. Such information will be
recognized as strictly confidential, in so far as it relates to the
private business of any individual or company, and will be used
only in making up State and county totals. The cooperation of
the various industries of the State is invited in order that the best
possible showing of the State’s products may be made annually.
EXHIBITION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL.
The space available for the exhibition of geological material
is unfortunately as yet very limited. A part of one room is being
used for this purpose. Three cases have been built, designed to
serve the double purpose of storage and exhibition. The lower
parts of the case contain drawers and are used for storage. In
making the collections a definite plan has been followed to secure
a representation of the rocks, minerals and fossils of each forma¬
tion in the State. The collection will be added to as rapidly as
space is provided for taking care of the material.
THE SURVEY LIBRARY.
A well equipped reference library is essential to the investiga¬
tions of the Survey, and an effort has been and is being made to
bring together those publications which are necessary to the
immediate and future work of the department. The Survey
library now contains more than 1,500 volumes. These include
the reports of the several State Geological Surveys ; the reports
of the National Geological Survey; the reports of the Canadian
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
17
and a few oth'er foreign Geological Surveys ; and many miscel¬
laneous volumes and papers on geology and related subjects.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
First Annual Report, 1908, 114 pp., 6 pis.
This report contains: (1) a sketch of the geology of Florida; (2) a
chapter on mineral industries, including phosphate, kaolin or ball clay,
brick-making clays, fullers earth, peat, lime and cement and road-making
materials; (3) a bibliography of publications on Florida geology, with a
review of the more important papers published previous to the organ¬
ization of the present Geologocial Survey.
Second Annual Report, 1909, 299 pp., 19 pis., 5 text figures,
and one map.
This report contains: (l) a preliminary report on the geology of
Florida, with special reference to stratigraphy, including a topographic and
geologic map of Florida, prepared in cooperation with the United States
Geological Survey; (2) mineral industries; (3) the fuller’s earth deposits
of Gadsden County, with notes on similar deposits found elsewhere in the
State.
Third Annual Report, 1910, 397 pp., 28 pis., 30 text figures.
This report contains: (1) a preliminary paper on the Florida phos¬
phate deposits; (2) some Florida lakes and lake basins; (3) the artesian
water supply of eastern Florida; (4) a preliminary report on the Florida
peat deposits.
Fourth Annual Report, 1912, 175 pp., 16 pis., 15 text figures,
one map.
This report contains: (1) The soils and other surface residual
materials of Florida, their origin, character and the formation from which
derived; (2) the water supply of west-central and west Florida; (3) the
production of phosphate rock in Florida during 1910 and 1911.
Bulletin No. 1. The Underground Water Supply of Central
Florida, 1908, 103 pp., 6 pis., 6 text figures.
This report contains: (1) Underground water; general discussion;
(2) the underground water of central Florida, deep and shallow wells,
spring and artesian prospects; (3) effects of underground solution, cavities,
sinkholes, disappearing streams and solution basins; (4) drainage of lakes,
ponds and swamp lands and disposal of sewage by bored wells; (5) water
18 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
analyses and tables giving general water resources, public water supplies,
spring and well records.
Bulletin No. 2. Roads and Road Materials of Florida, 1911,
31 pps., 4 pis.
This bulletin contains: (1) An account of the road building materials
of Florida; (2) a statistical table showing the amount of improved roads
built by the counties of the State to the close of 1910.
Fifth Annual Report, 1913.
EXPENDITURES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912, AND FOR THE HALF
YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1912.
The total appropriation for the State Geological Survey is
$7,500.00 per annum. No part of this fund is handled direct by
the State Geologist, as all Survey accounts are paid upon
warrants issued by the Comptroller of the State as per itemized
statements approved by the Governor. The original of all bills
and the itemized statements of all expense accounts are on file
in the office of the Comptroller. Duplicate copies of the same are
on file in the office of the State Geologist.
LIST OE WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30,
1912.
July, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, July, 1911 . ....$ 30.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, July, 1911 . . . 31.05
Ada Moore', stenographic services . . 25.30
The Record Company, printing . . . 7.50
John McDougall, postage . . . 62.75
Southern Express Company . . . . 3.02
August, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, August, 1911. ..... 48.70
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, August, 1911 . 18.50
American Peat Society, subscription . . . 5.00
John McDougall, postage . . . . 20.00
Carried forward
$ 251.82
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
19
Brought forward . $ 251.82
September, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
September 30, 1911 . 625.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending Septem¬
ber 30, 1911 . 300.00
Southern Express Company, express for July and August... 5.00
October, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, October, 1911 . 23.70
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies . 4.62
P. Blankiston’s Son & Company, publications . 2.00
Verlag fur Fachliteratur, subscription . 5.76
John McDougall, postage . 20.00
November, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, November, 1911.. 38.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, November, 1911 . 12.60
Southern Express Company . 3.76
December, 1911.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
December 31, 1911 . 625.00
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, December, 1911... 41.10
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending Decem¬
ber 31, 1911 . 300.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, December, 1911 . 68.70
Emil Gunter, Assistant, salary ($62.50), expenses ($48.05),
December, 1911 . 110.55
T. C. Alford, stenographic services . 6.00
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies . . . 2.34
F. H. King, publications . 2.50
American Journal of Science, subscription . 6.00
Engineering and Mining Journal, subscription . 5.00
January, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, January, 1912.... 27.20
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, January, 1912 . 103.82
Emil Gunter, Assistant, salary ($75.00), expenses ($91.92),
January, 1912 . 166.92
T. C. Alford, stenographic services . . . 15.00
Francis J. Bulask, subscription . 5.00
Carried forward
$ 2,777.39
20 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Brought forward . $2,777.39
John McDougall, postage . 20.00
Southern Express Company . 2.72
February, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, February, 1912.... 37.65
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, February, 1912 . 108.20
Emil Gunter, Assistant, salary ($75.00), expenses ($81.25),
February, 1912 . 156.25
T. C. Alford, stenographic services . 12.20
Wrigley Engraving Company, engravings . 39.78
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies . 4.70
Southern Express Company . 8.35
March, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
March 31, 1912 . 625.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending March
31, 1912 . 300.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, March, 1912 . . 48.95
Emil Gunter, Assistant, salary ($17.30), expenses ($31.10),
March, 1912 . 48.40
T. C. Alford, stenographic and clerical services . 36.00
Economic Geology Publishing Company, subscription . 3.00
April, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, March and April,
1912 . 29.75
T. J. Appleyard, printing . 732.20
The Record Company, printing . 18.75
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies . 2.21
John McDougall, postage . 125.00
Southern Express Company . 15.70
May, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, May, 1912 . 70.55
Herman Gunter, Assitant, expenses, May, 1912 . 78.60
Emil Gunter, services, April and May . 9.00
Alex. McDougall, postage . 25.00
June, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
June 30, 1812 . 625.00
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, June, 1912 . . 60.85
Carried forward
.$ 6,021.20
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
21
Brought forward . . . $ 6,021.20
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending June
30, 1912 . 300.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, June, 1912 . 23.05
D. R. Cox Furniture Company, supplies . 30.00
David S. Woodrow, Agent, subscription . 6.00
University of Chicago Press, subscription . 4.00
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies.. . 2.78
Total expenditures . $6,387.03
Overdrawn from preceding year . .10
$6,387.13
Balance available . 1,112.87
$7,500.00
LIST OF WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE HALF YEAR ENDING DECEM¬
BER 31, 1912.
July, 1912.
T. J. Appleyard, State Printer . $ 100.00
Southern Express Company . 13.76
D. R. Cox Furniture Company, supplies . 4.13
August, 1912.
Alex. McDougall, postage . 25.00
Southern Express Company . 3.03
September, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
September 30, 1912 . 625.00
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending Septem¬
ber 30, 1912 . 300.00
Southern Express Company . 1.60
October, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, October, 1912 . 62.80
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, October, 1912 . 42.71
Arthur H. Thomas Company, 4 supplies . 19.55
November, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, November, 1912... 66.47
Herman Gunter, Assistant, expenses, November, 1912 . 29.10
Carried forward
$ 1,293.15
22 FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Brought forward . $ 1,293.15
H. R. Kaufman, repairing typewriter . 5.00
Alex. McDougall, postage . 25.00
Southern Express Company . . . . 3.13
December, 1912.
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, salary for quarter ending
December 31, 1912 . 625.00
/
E. H. Sellards, State Geologist, expenses, December, 1912... 72.85
Herman Gunter, Assistant, salary for quarter ending Decem¬
ber 31, 1912 . 300.00
H. & W. B. Drew Company, supplies. . 1.79
W. & L. E. Curley, supplies . . . 3.70
Keuffel & Esser Company, supplies . 39.90
Engineering and Mining Journal, subscription..... . 5.00
Southern Express Company . 8.02
Total . $2,382.54
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
OF FEORIDA.
BY E. H. SELLARDS.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Introduction . 27
Distribution of the hard rock phosphates . . 27
Distribution of the pebble phosphates . . ..; . 23
Matrix of the hard rock phosphate deposits. . . . . . 28
Gray sands . 28
Clay lenses . 28
Flint boulders . 29
Limestone inclusions . 29
Pebble conglomerate . 29
Vertebrate and invertebrate fossils . 29
Petrified wood . 29
The phosphate rock . . . j. . 29
Boulders . 29
Soft phosphate . 29
Fragmentary rock . 29
Plate rock . 29
Pebble rock . 29
Thickness of the phosphate bearing formation . 30
Amount of hard rock phosphate. . 31
Formation name . 31
Local details . 32
Suwannee county . 32
Columbia county . 32
Alachua county . 33
Marion county . 34
Citrus county . 35
Hernando county . 3(3
Problems to be accounted for . 37
Summary of explanation . 37
Acknowledgments . 38
Discovery of the Florida phosphate deposits . 40
Beginning of the Florida phosphate mining indusstry . 42
Investigations of the Florida phosphate deposits . 4:3
Review of theories previously proposed . 45
Albert R. Ledoux . 45
Francis Wyatt . 45
E. T. Cox . 46
N. H. Darton . 47
W. H. Dali . 47
Walter B. M. Davidson . 47
N. A. Pratt . 48
C. C. H. Millar . 48
George H. Eldridge . 48
L. C. Johnson . 50
Lucius P. Brown . 50
L. P. Jumeau . 50
26
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Discussion of theories . 50
The fossils of the hard rock phosphate deposits . 56
Source of the phosphoric acid . 58
Agency by which the phosphate has accumulated . 59
Relation of the phosphate to the underground water level . 59
The formation of boulders . 60
Silica boulders . 60
Phosphate boulders . 61
Formed by the replacement process . 61
Formed by precipitation . 61
Secondary deposition of phosphate . 62
Origin of the plate rock . 62
Localization of the hard rock deposits . 63
Limitation of the hard rock phosphates . 63
Physiographic types in central Florida . 63
The gulf hammock belt . 64
The hard rock phosphate belt . . . 64
The middle Florida hammock belt . 64
The lake region . 65
E'conomic relation . 66
Bibliography . 66
PLATES.
Plate No.
1. Phosphate boulder showing secondary deposition.
2. Laminated phosphate boulder.
3. Phosphate rock. x
4. Teeth of mastodon from the phosphate deposits.
5. Teeth and foot bone of horse, and teeth of mastodon.
6. Sharks’ teeth from the phosphate deposits.
7. Sharks’ teeth from the phosphate deposits.
8. Phosphate washer and prospect drill.
9. Phosphate pit after the removal of the phosphate.
MAPS.
Map showing the limestone region of Central Florida.
Map showing the location of the hard rock and land pebble phosphates.
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES OF
FLORIDA.
E. H. SELLARDS.
Two kinds of phosphate rock are now being mined in Florida,,
the land pebble and the hard rock. The deposits which carry the
hard rock phosphate are found over a considerable extent of
country in the western part of central peninsular Florida. The
area includes the southern part of Columbia and Suwannee
Counties, the western part of Alachua and Marion Counties, the
eastern part of Levy, Citrus and Hernando Counties, and the
northern part of Pasco County. From north to south the hard
rock area extends through a distance of about 100 miles. Its
width from east to west is variable. The greatest width is found
in Marion County, almost the whole of the western half of this,
county being included in this belt. West of the Suwannee River
a limited amount of hard rock phosphate has been fopnd in,
Lafayette, Taylor and Jefferson Counties. The accompanying
map shows approximately the extent of the phosphate-bearing
deposits. The workable deposits are less extensive than* the area,
here outlined, the mines now operated being confined to a com¬
paratively narrow belt reaching from Alachua to Hernando-
Counties.
Mining has been carried on continuously in this section for
more than two decades. Seventy-four plants, under the owner¬
ship of twenty mining companies, operated here in 1909, while-
forty plants, under the ownership of fourteen mining companies,,
were operating at the close of 1912. Each phosphate plant opens,
up in the process of mining one to several pits offering excep¬
tionally good exposures of the phosphate-bearing formation. The
following paper is based on observations made in the many pits
that have been opened up in this section during the past several
years. The results that are presented in this paper have been
gradually obtained, and have been published in part in the reports.
28
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of the Florida Geological Survey during the past few years.
The land pebble phosphates are found in southern Florida in
Polk and Hillsboro Counties. This paper relates to the hard rock
deposits only, the pebble deposits not being included in the dis¬
cussion, although their approximate location is indicated on the
map. No attempt is made on this map to show the location of
the low grade phosphates, which occur extensively in central Flor¬
ida.
The matrix in which the hard rock phosphate is imbedded is
extremely variable. The formation includes a mixture of
materials from various sources and of the most diverse character,
further complicated by pronounced chemical activity within the
formation itself. The prevailing phase of the formation is feebly
coherent, more or less phosphatic, light gray sands. Aside from
these sands the principal materials of the formation are clays,
phosphate rock, flint boulders, limestone inclusions, pebble
conglomerate, erratic and occasional water-worn flint pebbles,
vertebrate and invertebrate fossils, and occasional pieces of
silicified tree trunks.
Th$ gray sands may be observed in every pit that has been
excavated in this section. Moreover, from drill and prospect
holes it is known that these sands occur very 'generally over the
intervening or barren area. The sands are of medium coarse
texture, the grains being roughly angular. The amount of phos¬
phate associated with these sands is variable. Upon prolonged
exposure, as seen in numerous abandoned pits, these sands oxidize
at the surface, assuming a pink or purple color. When affected by
slow decay and by water, carrying more or less iron in solution,
thev become reddish or ochre yellow in color. Lithologically these
sands resemble closely the gray phosphatic sands of the Alum
Bluff formation as seen at the type locality at Alum Bluff, on the
Apalachicola River.
The clays in this formation occur locally as clay lenses im¬
bedded in the sand, or separating the sand from the phosphate
rock, or overlying the phosphate rock. The clays are often of a
light buff or blue color. When lying near the surface, however,
they often oxidize to varying shades of red. The relative amount
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
29
of clay in the phosphate-bearing formation increases in a general
way in passing to the south. The exposures in the southern part
of the area show as a rule more clay than do similar exposures in
the northern part of the area. The phosphate boulders seem to
have a tendency to group around and to be associated with local
clay lenses. Frequently the productive pit gives place laterally to
barren gray sands.
Flint boulders occur locally in this formation in some abun¬
dance, and occasionally phosphate pits that are otherwise work¬
able are abandoned on account of the number of flint boulders
encountered. The flint boulders are usually oval or somewhat
flattened in shape and are of varying size, some weighing several
tons. The exterior is usually of a light color. Some of the
boulders are hollow and occasionally the cavity is filled with
water; other boulders are solid, compact and of a bluish color
throughout. Limestone inclusions are frequent in this formation.
The pebble conglomerate feature is not of frequent occurrence
but may occasionally be observed in the northern part of the hard
rock section. An exposure of flint pebbles may be seen in one
of the pits of plant number 5 of the Cummer Lumber Company,
about one mile southwest of Newberry, in Alachua County. The
matrix at this exposure consists of more or less water-worn frag¬
ments of varying size together with round or oval water-worn,
dark colored flint pebbles. This phase of the formation may be
seen through a distance of ten or fifteen feet along the side of the
pit. Water-worn pebbles weighing one or more pounds occur
occasionally in the northern part of the field.
The invertebrate fossils are found in the limestone inclusions.
The vertebrate remains are mixed in with the other materials of
the matrix. The fossil wood is of rare occurrence, but is
occasionally found in this formation.
Phosphate rock, although the constituent of special economic
interest, nevertheless makes up a relatively small part of the
formation. The phosphate in these deposits occurs as fragmentary
rock, boulder rock, plate rock or pebble. The boulders are often
of large size, in some instances weighing several tons, and not
infrequently needing to be broken up by blasting before being
30
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
removed from the pit. It is also necessary to operate a rock
crusher in connection with all hard rock phosphate mines to
reduce the larger pieces of rock to a size suitable for shipping.
A certain portion of soft phosphate unavoidably lost in mining
is also present. The relative amount of material that it is neces¬
sary to handle to obtain a definite amount of phosphate is always
variable with each pit and with the different parts of any one pit.
The workable deposits of phosphate lying within this formation
occur very irregularly. While at one locality the phosphate may
lie at the surface, elsewhere it may be so deep as not to be
economically worked; while a deposit once located may cover
more or less continuously a tract of land some acres in extent,
elsewhere a deposit appearing equally promising on the surface,
may in reality be found to be of very limited extent. As to loca¬
tion, depth from surface, extent into the ground, lateral extent,
quantity and quality, the hard rock phosphate deposits conform
to no rule. The desired information is to be obtained only by
extensive and expensive prospecting and sampling.
The phosphate rock may lie beneath the gray sands, or above
the gray sands or may be entirely surrounded by them. In some
instances the phosphate is interbedded with the sands. Such
interbedding of sand and phosphate was observed by the writer
in the Central Phosphate Company pit number 25, about three
miles west of Clark. This phase of the relation of sand and phos¬
phate occurs not infrequently and is confined to no particular part
of the phosphate field. It is frequently stated by the phosphate
miners that there is a relation between the local clay lenses and
the occurrence of phosphate. It is evident, however,, that there
are many exceptions to this general statement.
THICKNESS.
The thickness of the phosphate bearing formation is as vari¬
able as its other characteristics. It rests upon the Vicksburg
Limestone, the top surface of which owing to solution by under¬
ground water, has become extremely irregular. The limestone
projects as peaks into the phosphate formation. In Citrus County
the phosphate bearing formation is known to reach a thickness of
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
31
from 75 to 100 feet. When of this thickness it is worked to the
permanent ground water level by the dry pit method of mining,
and is then mined from 40 to 50 feet below this lev^l by the float¬
ing dredge. In the northern part of the area the formation is as
a rule much thinner, and is worked almost entirely by dry pit
mining.
AMOUNT OF HARD ROCK PHOSPHATE.
It is scarcely possible to give an estimate of the amount of
hard rock phosphate in Florida that yet remains to be mined.
This is due to the fact that the deposits are extremely local and
irregular. While the whole extent of the phosphate bearing
formation can be mapped with a fair degree of accuracy, the
deposits of phosphate within the formation can be located and an
estimate of the amount that is mineable made only after very
exact prospecting. The cost of such prospecting is such that it is
seldom undertaken on a , large scale except by the companies
actually interested in producing the rock. It is true that some
estimates as to the total tonnage available have been made, but
these amount to little more than guess work. The amount actually
mined during the twenty-two years since mining operations began
in this field is approximately 9,313,071 tons. The output at
present amounts to about one-half million tons per annum.
FORMATION NAME.
The term Dunnellon formation has been applied by the writer
to the phosphate bearing formation.* These deposits are well
developed in the vicinity of Dunnellon, in Marion County, and have
been extensively mined in that section. It was here also that the
deposits were first discovered and mined. The term Dunnellon is,
therefore, appropriate. The formation is probably of Pliocene age
as indicated by the fauna.
^Florida State Geological Survey, Third Annual Report, p. 32, 1910.
32
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LOCAL DETAILS.
SUWANNEE COUNTY.
The southern and southeastern part of Suwannee County has pro¬
duced some phosphate, although no mines are operating in this county at
present. A variable thickness of pale yellow sand occurs in the pits of
this section. At the pits of plant No. 10 of Dutton Phosphate Company,
two miles north of Hildreth, from two to twelve feet of this incoherent
sand rests directly upon the phosphate bearing matrix. In one of the pits
of this plant the phosphate matrix grades at the bottom into a yellow
phosphatic clay overlying the limestone to a depth of 4 or 5 feet. In one
of the pits at this plant are observed, as frequently seen elsewhere in the
hard rock section, many large round elongate siliceous boulders inter-
bedded in the phosphate matrix. The underlying formation here is the
Vicksburg Limestone, which occurs as peaks and as “hog backs” of lime
projecting into or even through the phosphate matrix.
COLUMBIA COUNTY.
The southern part of Columbia County, adjacent to Suwannee County,
has produced considerable phosphate, although only one mine in this
county was in operation at the close of 1912.
At plant No. 2 of the Dutton Phosphate Company, now abandoned,
about one-half mile west of Ichatucknee Springs, the following section
was obtained :
Pale incoherent sand . 10 to 20 feet
Phosphate-bearing matrix . 20 to 25 feet
Buff yellow phosphatic clays . . • 5 to 6 feet
Dark sandy phosphatic clays (exposed) . 4 feet
The incoherent sands in this pit, as at Dutton No. 10, rest directly
upon the phosphate stratum, the top of which is exceedingly irregular.
Clay lenses 6 to 12 inches thick are of frequent occurrence, especially near
the top. The underlying limestone is reached in places. The buff yellow
phosphatic clay observed in Dutton No. 10 is seen here also and is under¬
laid by 4 feet of dark, sandy' phosphatic clay.
The following section was made in one of the pits of the Schilman
& Bene phosphate plant, about two miles northwest of Ft. White :
Pale yellow incoherent sand . 3 to 5 feet
Fed clayey sands . . 5 to 10 feet
Phosphate matrix . 15 to 25 feet
Limestone at the bottom of the pit.
ORIGIN OR THR HARD ROCK PHOSPHATE'S.
33
This section differs from the preceding chiefly in the presence of the
red clayey sands, which are sufficiently coherent to form a vertical wall
in the pit. This clayey sand stratum when present is referred to by the
miners as “hardpan.”
In the pit of the Fort White Hard Rock Company, one-mile south¬
east of Ft. White, the foundation rock, as is usual in this section, is the
Vicksburg Limestone. The top of this limestone is exceedingly irregular,
projecting as rounded peaks. Shells, sea urchins, and other fossils are
partly eroded away, the limestone having a comparatively smooth surface.
The phosphate rock consists chiefly of angular fragmental pieces, plates,
pebbles and boulders imbedded in a sandy clayey matrix. This matrix
fills up the irregularities in the underlying limestone. In several instances
the phosphate matrix was seen to fill up cavities and solution channels in
the limestone. Slickensides occur, due to the settling of the phosphate
matrix as the underlying limestone dissolved away. Limestone inclusions
and siliceous boulders occur in the phosphate stratum. The following
section is seen in an abandoned pit of this plant:
Pale yellow incoherent sand . 1 to 15 feet
Phosphate matrix . 1 to 20 feet
Limestone top surface exceedingly irregular.
The phosphate producing area of southern Columbia and Suwannee
Counties lies adjacent to and in the angle between the Suwannee and
Santa Fe Rivers, including the low lying and intensively eroded parts of
each county. The limestone lies near the surface in this section and as
a rule the phosphate is mined out by dry mining, the limestone being
exposed in the abandoned pits. Dredging, which is applicable in the
southern part of the phosphate area, is not used in this section.
ALACHUA COUNTY.
The west central part of Alachua County is actively producing phos¬
phate; fourteen plants were operated in this county at the close of 1912.
Pit No. 25 of the Central Phosphate Company, west of Clark, gave
the following section :
Pale yellow incoherent sands . 5 to 10 feet
Red clayey sands . 5* to 10 feet
Phosphate-bearing formation . 10 to 25 feet
Limestone at bottom of pit.
The phosphate matrix consists of gray sands, yellow, buff and blue
clays, and phosphate rock. At one place in this pit a stratum of gray
sand Id to 2 feet thick is seen interbedded with the phosphate reck.
34
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The incline leading to a pit belonging to T. A. Thompson, near Neals,
gave the following section :
Pale yellow incoherent sands . 5 to 10 feet
Red clayey sands . 7 to 10 feet
Gray phosphate sands (exposed) . 15 feet
The gray sands give place laterally to phosphate rock.
Pit No. 2 of the Cummer Lumber Company is, perhaps, the largest
single pit in operation in the hard rock phosphate section. This pit is
reported to include at the present time about thirteen acres. Pit No. 5
of this company, one mile west of Newberry, gives an exposure of the
sandstone and flint pebble conglomerate already referred to as occurring
occasionally in the hard rock deposits. The pebbles are round and more
or less flattened. They vary in size from very small pebbles to pebbles
weighing five to seven pounds.
In the pit of the Union Phosphate Company, at Tioga, a considerable
number of rounded elongate siliceous boulders occur. These vary in size,
the largest approximating a ton in weight. They are embedded in the
phosphate-bearing matrix.
The many other pits which are now being worked, or which have
recently been abandoned, although varying much even within a single
pit in details, are in general much the same as those described.
The limestone in this county, as a rule', lies relatively near the sur¬
face. In most instances the limestone is encountered before or very soon
after reaching the water level. The phosphate is thus largely worked out
by dry mining and dredges are^rarely used. The limestone is encountered
at varying depths. One pit may show a great deal of limestone projecting
as peaks, while another pit of equal depth near by may scarcely reach the
limestone. Some of the limestone peaks project 15 to 25 feet above the
general level of the bottom of the pit. The phosphate-bearing matrix here,
as elsewhere, fills up the irregularities in the limestone. The top surface
of the limestone is, as elsewhere, entirely irregular. The red clayey sand
called “hardpan” by the miners may be present or lacking in the pits of
this section. The loose, pale yellow sand is practically always present,
varying in thickness from 1 to 25 feet.
MARION COUNTY.
The plate rock deposit found in the vicinity of Anthony and .Sparr,
in the north central part of Marion County, represents an eastward ex¬
tension of the phosphate-bearing formation. The relation of the phosphate
matrix to the underlying limestone is the same as previously described.
The limestone projects into the phosphate matrix as rounded peaks. Cir¬
cular depressions, similar in appearance to pot holes or to “natural wells,”
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
35
are frequent in this section. These are filled with the phosphate matrix.
One of these depressions observed by the writer had been cut into, in the
process of mining. This depression was about three and one-half feet
in diameter at the top, fifteen feet deep and narrowed gradually to the
bottom. Other depressions variable in diameter and in depth occur. The
limestone lying near the line of the underground water level has usually
a rough and jagged surface owing to solution by water in contact with
the limestone. Above the water level the limestone has a smooth rounded
surface, the shells and other fossils having been eroded off plane with the
general rock surface. The plate rock beds show evidence of having been
originally faintly stratified. Much of the stratification that originally
existed, however, has been destroyed through repeated local subsidence
as the underlying limestone was moved by solution. The stratification
lines in the plate rock are frequently much curved and distorted owing to
this irregular subsidence.
The chief difference noted between the plate rock and the typical hard
rock region is in the relatively large amount of fragmentary phosphate
rock and the small amount of boulder rock. Flint and limestone boulders
chemically formed are likewise absent or rare.
The deposits at Standard and at Juliette, in the western part of
Marion County, are similar in general character to the hard rock deposits
as previously described. The mines in this section are dry mines and
usually reach to the bottom of the phosphate formation in places en¬
countering the limestone.
In the southwestern part of Marion County and in Citrus County the
hard rock phosphate-bearing formation reaches its maximum thickness.
The underlying limestone is ordinarily encountered at a considerable
depth from the surface. Many of the phosphate pits in this section are
worked as dry mines to the underground water level and afterwards as
dredge mines to such depth as the dipper will reach. Some of the pits
on higher lands are mined as dry mines only.
The pit at the Dunnellon Phosphate Company plant No. 10 was one
of the first pits regularly worked in the phosphate section and has been
continuously in operation for the past twenty years. This mine is operated
by a dredge. The bottom of the phosphate is not reached in this pit and
the full thickness of the formation at this place has not been reported.
citrus COUNTY.
The conditions in Citrus County are in a general way similar to the
conditions in the vicinity of Dunnellon, in Marion County. The under¬
lying limestone is occasionally seen in the pits in this section md is
frequently reached by the dredge. The surface of the limestone wherever
36
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
seen projects as rounded peaks. There is on an average more clay to be
seen in the phosphate formation in this section than in the northern part
of the field. In a few instances, notably that of the pit in the Istachatta
Phosphate Company, the water level is within a few feet of the surface
and the phosphate formation is entirely submerged. Only the sands of
the overburden are here visible.
HERNANDO COUNTY.
Phosphate is being produced in Hernando County in the vicinity of
Croom. The mine in operation here is a dredge mine. The relation of
the phosphate formation to the underlying limestone', as seen in an aban¬
doned pit several miles west of Croom, is the same as that in other parts
of the phosphate section, the limestone projecting as rounded peaks. The
material above the phosphate stratum consists largely of incoherent sands.
The usual gray phosphatic sands, weathering purple on exposure, are seen
surrounding the phosphate rock. In the mines near Croom a considerable
amount of clay is associated with the phosphate.
The preceding description of the phosphate-bearing formation
is taken with but slight revision from a paper by the writer
entitled “A Preliminary Report on the Florida Phosphate De¬
posits,” published in the Third Annual Report of the Florida Geo¬
logical Survey, 1910. The present paper, like the earlier one, is to
be regarded as a report of progress in the investigation of the
phosphate deposits and is not in any sense final.
/
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
37
problems to be accounted for.
Among the problems that must be accounted for in connection
with the hard rock phosphate deposits of Florida are the follow¬
ing: (1.) The source of the miscellaneous materials that make
up the formation, including sands, clays, flint pebbles, vertebrate
and invertebrate fossils, silicified wood, flint boulders, limestone
inclusions and phosphate rock in its varying forms. (2.) The
intimate admixture in the formation of these diverse materials.
(3.) The processes by which phosphate and flint boulders have
formed. (4.) The limitation of the hard rock phosphate forma¬
tion to a characteristic well marked physiographic type of country.
(5.) The localization within the formation of phosphate rock to
such an extent as to form workable deposits. (6.) The forma¬
tion of the plate rock deposits.
SUMMARY OF THE EXPLANATION OFFERED.
The explanation offered, briefly summarized, is as follows : It
is believed that the Upper Oligocene and probably some later
formations, now' found on the surrounding uplands, formerly
extended directly across the section that is. now the hard rock
phosphate fields. The disintegration of these formations supplied
the miscellaneous materials of which the deposits are made up.
The mixing of the materials was brought about in part by stream
action, which has resulted in a reworking and reaccumulation of
the residual material from these formations, and in part by the
local irregular subsidence such as is constantly going on in a lime¬
stone country. In some parts of the phosphate fields the lower¬
ing and mixing of the materials by solution of the underlying
limestone has been the predominating factor, while elsewhere the
reworking of the materials by stream action has predominated.
It is probable that local bodies of water existed also in which the
materials reaccumulated. The immediate source of the phosphoric
acid is the phosphate, which was widely disseminated through the
overlying formations. The fossils now found in the formation
include those that were residual from the formations that have
disintegrated, and those that were incorporated in connection with
38
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the reworking and reaccumulation of the materials. The phos¬
phate and flint boulders are formed chemically through the agency
of ground water. The formation containing the hard rock phos¬
phate is limited in its distribution to that section of the State in
which formations carrying more or less phosphate have disinte¬
grated, overlying a limestone substratum, thus affording condi¬
tions favorable for the downward passage of rain water carrying
phosphoric acid in solution. The phosphate thus removed from
the surface formations is reaccumulated under these conditions in
a concentrated form at a lower level. The phosphate deposits
are localized within the formation because the formation itself is
lacking in uniformity. Local variations, particularly the presence
of clay lenses and other conditions which interfere with the free
circulation of ground waters, favor the formation of phosphate
boulders and thus result in a local deposit of phosphate rock of
sufficient amount and purity to be of commercial value. The plate
rock represents chiefly fragments of disintegrated boulders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
In presenting this view of the origin of the hard rock phos¬
phates the writer takes pleasure in acknowledging his indebted¬
ness to the many investigators who have contributed to a knowl¬
edge of these deposits. This indebtedness is not alone to those
who have written on the origin of the phosphates, but equally
to those who have contributed to an understanding of the geology
of the State as a whole, and particularly of that part of the State
in which these deposits are found. Only a few of these general
publications can be mentioned at this time, although a full list is
included in the bibliography which forms a part of the First
Annual Report, of the State Geological Survey, 1908.
The monograph on the Tertiary Fauna of Florida by Dr. W.
H. Dali published in the Transactions of the Wagner Free Insti¬
tute of Science, 1890 to 1903, includes by far the most extensive
study of the invertebrate fauna of the Florida formations that
has yet been made, and to these investigations we are indebted
for many fundamental facts regarding the succession of forma-
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
39
tions in Florida. In the present discussion the writer is particu¬
larly indebted to Dali's observations, recorded in Bulletin 84 of
the United States Geological Survey, pages 109, 110 and 111, of
remnants of the Upper Oligoeene formations (then classed as
old Miocene) at Levyville, in Levy County, at Fort White, in
Columbia County, and near Archer, in Alachua County. These
localities lie west, north and east of the northward extension of
the phosphate fields, and Dali, in the map which accompanies this
report, represents the old Miocene as extending directly across
the northern end of the hard rock phosphate area, with local
exposures of the Vicksburg formation. These observations by
Dali are accepted by the writer and form a part of his argument
that the Upper Oligoeene (old Miocene) formerly extended
across the phosphate fields as a whole.
Messrs. George C. Matson and F. G. Clapp, in connection with
cooperative work carried on by the United States Geological
Survey and the Florida State Geological Survey, have added im¬
portant observations regarding the former areal extent of the
Upper Oligoeene formations in Central Florida, remnants of these
formations having been noted by them at many of the phosphate
mines of Central Florida. Dr. T. W. Vaughan, of the United
States Geological Survey, under whose supervision these co-opera¬
tive investigations were carried on, has given material assistance
in determining the stratigraphic succession in Florida both by
directing the field work and by the identification of fossils and
of formations.
Of the many other publications on the phosphates of Florida
all of those of which a record has been obtained are listed in the
bibliography, which follows this paper. In addition, those rela¬
ting directly to the origin of the hard rock phosphates are reviewed
in connection with a discussion of the theories previously
advanced ; reference to a number of the papers on the Florida
phosphates is included in the notes in regard to the discovery,
investigation and development of the phosphate deposits. In out¬
lining, on the accompanying map, the probable extent of the land
pebble phosphates of Southern Florida the writer has utilized,
40
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
among other sources of information, maps of these deposits by
Geo. H. Eldridge and by C. G. Memminger.
DISCOVERY OF THE FLORIDA PHOSPHATE
DEPOSITS.
The knowledge of, or belief in the existence of phosphatic
material in Florida seems to have been prevalent from an early
date. Thus, in a paper by Pratt (1868) we find a reference to
and an attempted explanation of the coprolite or guano-like
deposits of Florida. The original of Pratt’s paper not having
been available to me I have been unable to determine from the
reviews of the paper whether Pratt’s reference is to phosphatic
material known to occur in Florida or assumed to occur.
From Professor J. M. Pickel (1890) we have a statement that
“Dr. J. C. Neal, formerly of Archer, now of the Florida Agri¬
cultural Experiment Station at Lake City, discovered in Levy and
Alachua Counties, in 1876, and tested chemically phosphatic
rocks, which were in 1885 sent to the Smithsonian and analyzed
quantitatively.”
In 1880 Dr. Chas. U. Shepard writing of the phosphate
deposits of South Carolina stated that they certainly extended in¬
to North Carolina on the north and probably as far south as.
Florida.
Aside from these references the first definite information of
deposits of low grade phosphate rock in Florida seems to have
been obtained incidentally in connection with the investigation
of building stone made for the Tenth United States Census, 1880.
The first samples of the phosphate rock were collected from a
quarry being operated for building stone near Hawthorne, in
Alachua County. This quarry had been opened by Dr. C. A.
Simmons, of Hawthorne, in 1879. The samples were sent to
Washington probably during the summer of 1880. The paper
which gives the analysis of this rock bears the date, June 29,
1881. It is contained in the Proceedings of the United States
National Museum for 1882, which were issued in 1883. Whether
Dr. Simmons knew or suspected the phosphatic character of this
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
41
rock before the analysis by the Census Bureau is not known.
However, soon after the analyses had been made, and as a result
probably of these analyses, Dr. Simmons began operating a mill
in which this rock was ground for agricultural purposes. These
operations which were carried on during 1883 and 1884 (Mineral
Resources for 1885), were undoubtedly the earliest attempts at
mining and utilizing the phosphate rock of Florida.
In 1881 Captain J. Francis LeBaron, while engaged by the
government in making a preliminary survey for a proposed ship
canal from the head waters of the St. Johns River to Charlotte
Harbor, became interested in the water-worn pebbles and frag¬
ments of bones in the bed of Peace River. Samples of this
material were sent to the Smithsonian Institution. Captain
LeBaron obtained leave of absence from the Engineering Depart¬
ment in 1882 and 1883, with a view to interesting capital in the
development of the phosphate. Finding many difficulties in
developing this new industry, he subsequently accepted employ¬
ment in connection with the proposed Nicaragua Ship Canal.
(Letter of May 23, 1911.) Returning in 1886, Captain LeBaron
made further efforts to interest capital in the development of the
phosphate but without success.
During the early eighties, due probably to these and to other
discoveries, interest became very active in the Florida phosphate,
and new localities for the phosphate rock were reported in rapid
succession. The volume on mineral industry by the United States
Geological Survey for 1882, published in 1883, contains, page 523,
reference to phosphatic marls occurring in Florida, in Clay,
Alachua, Wakulla, Duval and Gadsden Counties. The volume
for 1883 and 1884, page 793, reports that phosphate rock has been
found in Florida, in Clay, Alachua, Duval, Gadsden and Wakulla
Counties. In 1884 and during the early part of 1885 L. C. John¬
son made for the United States Geological Survey a somewhat
careful examination of the phosphate deposits in Suwannee,
Columbia, Alachua and Marion Counties. That the existence of
phosphate rock in Florida was generally known at that time is
evident from the fact that Johnson, from his own investigation
and from samples sent to him, and from popular report as to tne
42
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
occurrence of phosphate, concluded that the phosphate deposits
of Florida extended entirely across the State from the Georgia
line through Hamilton, Suwannee, Alachua, Marion, Sumter,
Polk and Manatee counties to Charlotte Harbor. (Mineral Re¬
sources for 1885, pp. 450-453, 1886.)
During 1886 and 1887, owing doubtless to the efforts of
Captain LeBaron and to the general interest in phosphates, care¬
ful investigations were made of the Peace Creek section by
private interests. These investigations resulted in the purchase of
lands and the initiation of mining operations in the river pebble
district, the first shipment of Peace River phosphate having been
made in 1888.
The deposits that we now know as the Florida hard rock phos¬
phate were discovered in 1888 by Mr. Albertus Vogt. In May
of this year Mr. Vogt, while deepening the well at his place, near
Dunnellon, dug into a rich matrix of gravel, soft phosphate and
sharks’ teeth. In June, 1888, a sample of this material was taken
to Ocala and was there analyzed by R. R. Snowden and was
found to be a high grade phosphate.
The time of the discovery of the hard rock phosphate in Flor¬
ida has been variously given as spring of 1888, fall of 1888, and
spring and fall of 1889. The dates given above are from a letter
from Mr. Vogt of August 26, 1909. The discrepancies in the
various publications as to the date of discovery probably came
about from the fact that the discovery was not made known to
the public at once.
As soon as the existence of high grade phosphate rock was
made generally known, prospecting became very active and the
hard rock phosphate belt substantially as we now know it was
quickly outlined.
THE BEGINNING OF THE FLORIDA PHOSPHATE
MINING INDUSTRY.
As has been already mentioned the first attempt at mining and
utilizing the phosphates of Florida was made by Dr. C. A.
Simmons, of Hawthorne, in 1883. This plant, however, was not
successful and was closed down in 1884.
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
43
The production of phosphate rock on a commercial scale in
Florida began with the mining of the Peace Creek pebble deposits,
probably in 1887, the first shipments having been made in 1888.
The first company to operate on Peace River was the Arcadia
Phosphate Company, organized by Mr. T. S. Morehead, of
Philadelphia. The first shipments were to the G. W. Scott
Manufacturing Company of Atlanta. (Millar, 1892, page 24.)
Hard rock phosphate mining began one or two years later than
river pebble mining, but developed much more rapidly. Accord¬
ing to Millar, the first of the hard rock mining companies to
actually take the field was the Marion Phosphate Company, which
broke ground near Dunnellon in December, 1889, and made a
first shipment to Liverpool in April, 1890. The Dunnellon Phos¬
phate Company, which was probably the first company organized,
began mining in February, 1890, and made their first shipment
to London and Hamburg in May, 1890. Following the discovery
of the hard rock phosphate deposits mining companies were
organized in rapid succession. It is said that fully one hundred
hard rock phosphate companies were organized in the United
States, and that forty-one of these actually began operations. By
the close of 1891 only eighteen companies were operating. At
the present time, 1913, fourteen companies are mining hard rock
phosphate.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLORIDA PHOSPHATE
DEPOSITS.
The chief official investigations that have been made of the
Florida phosphates are those of the United States Geological
Survey, the United States Census Bureau, the United States Com¬
missioner of Labor, the United States Department of Agricul¬
ture, and the Florida State Geological Survey. In addition, the
reports of the State Chemist of Florida and of the State Experi¬
ment Station contain many analyses of Florida phosphate rock.
Dr. J. Kost, during his brief term of office as State Geologist in
1886, also contributed towards the discovery of phosphate and the
development of the industry.
44
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The principal investigations made by the United States Geo¬
logical Survey are those by Johnson (1885, 1893),* Penrose
(1888), Darton (1891), Dali (1892), Eldridge (1893), Matson
(1909), Clapp (1909) ,. Vaughan (1909). In addition a number
of other members of the National Survey have made notes on the
Florida deposits in connection with the annual statements of the
production of phosphate contained in the volumes on Mineral
Industry.
The Census Bureau investigations are those made by the
Tenth Census in connection with the study of building stone, by
which the low grade phosphates were discovered, and the report
on mineral industries by the Eleventh Census. This latter report
contains a chapter on the Phosphates of Florida by Edward
Willis. The Sixth special report of the Commissioner of Labor,
1893, is devoted to the phosphate industry of the United States.
A brief review of the Florida phosphate fields was given in 1911
by William H. Waggaman, of the Bureau of Soils of the United
States Department of Agriculture. The investigations of the
phosphate deposits by the Florida State Geological Survey, on
which this paper is based, have been made at occasional intervals
as opportunity was afforded since the organization of the Survey
in 1907.
The discovery of the hard rock phosphate in 1888 resulted in
many private investigations of these deposits. Of these private
investigators a number have made public reports while others
unfortunately have made no permanent record of their investiga¬
tions. Among the earliest of these private investigators was Dr.
C. U. Shepard, of Charleston, who examined the phosphates of
the Withlacoochee River section in connection with the organiza¬
tion of the Dunnellon Phosphate Company in 1889 and 1890.
Among others who examined the hard rock deposits during the
first few years of mining operations and who have published their
observations are Albert R. Ledoux (1890), Francis Wyatt (1890,
*The numbers in parenthesis refer to the date of publication as listed
In the bibliography, not necessarily to the year in which the investigations
were made.
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
45
1891) , E. T. Cox ( 1890, 1891, 1892, 1896), Walter B. M. David¬
son (1891, 1893), N. A. Pratt (1892), C. C. Hoyer Millar (1891,
1892) , G. M. Wells (1896), E. W. Coddington (1896), L. P.
Jumeau (1905, 1906).
THEORIES PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED.
The hard rock phosphates of Florida have interested all
who have examined them, and many theories have been advanced
to account for these remarkable deposits. In the following review
these various theories are given as nearly as practicable in the
order in which they are proposed. A strictly chronological order
is, however, often impossible since when several papers appear
during the same year it is difficult to determine which was first
issued. Moreover some of the papers were evidently written
some years before being printed.
The paper by Dr. Albert R. Ledoux read before the meeting
of the New York Academy of Science, January 27, 1890, and
published in the transactions for 1890 is apparently the first
account of the hard rock phosphate deposits that has been
preserved. In this paper Dr. Ledoux offers no specific theory for
the Florida deposits. Speaking of phosphates in general, how¬
ever, he notes the fact that within the rain belt, when guano
deposits rest upon limestone the phosphoric acid is leached out
and alters the carbonate of lime to phosphate. An instance is
cited in this connection in which limestone in one of the South
Pacific islands was believed to have been changed to phosphate to
a depth of several feet within the period of twenty years. The
phosphoric acid in this instance was leached by rainwater from
recently deposited guano. The suggestion of the replacement of
the carbonate of limestones under certain favorable conditions by
phosphate is not offered by Ledoux as a new hypothesis, as this
method of formation of certain of the phosphates had been dis¬
cussed by various previous writers.
In a paper published in the New York Mining and Engineer¬
ing Journal for August 23, 1890, Francis Wyatt proposed the
theory that the hard rock phosphates are due to the evaporation
46
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of the Miocene waters which are assumed to have covered this
section of the State. While submerged there was deposited upon
the limestone, according to Wyatt, more especially in the cracks
and fissures, a soft, finely disintegrated calcareous sediment or
mud. As the seas dried up estuaries were formed in which were
found great numbers of fish, mollusks, reptiles and marine plants.
The formation of the phosphate is attributed to the reactions
between the calcareous sediments and the decaying animal and
plant life.
Professor E. T. Cox, in a paper read before the Indianapolis
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, August, 1890, expresses the view that the hard rock
phosphates of Florida are derived from the mineralization of an
ancient guano. His argument is that as the peninsula of Florida
was elevated above the ocean the land bordering the sea on the
west coast became the resting place for numerous aquatic birds
and other animals. The humid character of the climate caused
the soluble alkalies to be removed, leaving the less soluble phos¬
phate of lime. This accumulation of guano subsequently became
mineralized, thus resulting in the hard rock phosphates. This
theory is restated in papers subsequently published by Cox in
1892 and 1896.
Professor Cox mentions two other views current at that time.
These are stated as follows : “It is a well known fact that phos¬
phorous is an element and, like the element of iron, is almost
universally distributed over the globe, and is found in all the living
things thereon. Therefore, it is reasoned that it may, like iron,
be accumulated in large beds by a natural law which governs the
concentration of mineral masses. Again, it is suggested that phos¬
phoric acid, derived from mollusca, deposits from birds, fish and
saurians, has filtered down and replaced the carbonic acid in the
underlying limestone, converting it into phosphate of lime.” To
the first of these suggestions Cox offers no objection. Of the
second, however, he says, “Against the latter theory the phos¬
phate of lime very rarely contains any trace of organic remains,
while the limestone on which it rests is rich in the casts of mollusca
that are referred to the Eocene age. Then, again, in proximity to
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
47
the hard rock phosphate is a soft phosphate of lime that has the
consistency of soft, plastic clay. This soft phosphate often under¬
lies the hard and is several feet in thickness.”
Mr. N. H. Darton, writing in the American Journal of Science
for February, 1891, considers guano as the most probable original
source of the phosphate. The early Miocene is regarded as the
probable time of deposition of the guano which by leaching
supplied the phosphoric acid. Two processes in the formation of
the rock are recognized. The first is the replacement of the car¬
bonate of lime by phosphate of lime ; the second is a general
stalactitic coating on the massive phosphates and in the cavities.
Whether or not the restricted distribution of the phosphate was
connected with the genesis of the rock Darton regards as undeter¬
mined at that time.
Mr. Walter B. M. Davidson contributed a brief paper on the
origin and deposition of the Florida Phosphate, which was
published in the Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 51, pp.
628-G29, 1891. This paper has not been available to the writer,
but from a reference in a later paper it appears that Davidson at
that time believed that the hard rock phosphate boulders were
deposited in underground caverns and river beds in the Vicksburg
Limestone.
Among important early publications on the Florida phosphates
is a paper by Dr. W. H. Dali, published in 1892. Dali’s account
of the phosphate was given in connection with and was incidental
to a general summary of the geology of Florida included in a
monograph on the Neocene of North America by Dali and Harris
(Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey). In this report Dali expresses the
belief that the phosphoric acid of the phosphate deposits was
derived directly from bird guano. The local character of the bird
rookeries determine the local occurrence of phosphate rock. The
influence of local clay beds on the accumulation of workable
deposits is also recognized (p. 135).
Davidson, in a paper read before the American Institute of
Mining Engineers at the Baltimore meeting in February, 1892,
published in the Transactions, 1893, appears to derive the hard
rock phosphates as residual material from the Vicksburg Lime-
48
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
stone. He says, page 12, “The phosphates of Florida, in all
shapes, I derive from the leaching of the Vicksburg limestone, and
in the same way I would account for the phosphates of the West
India Islands. The phosphatic limestone of these islands has been
subject to the leaching action of rains and atmosphere reactions,
and the carbonate of lime has been carried away, leaving on the
surface the more insoluble phosphate, and the iron and alumina.
As in all limestones, the water eats away the rock unevenly, mak¬
ing pits and holes, and caves, and the phosphate of lime fills them
up — either in an earthy form, or in the massive variety, which is
described as coating the stalagmites and stalactities in the cave
in Navassa.” Davidson believed that after the phosphate had
accumulated in the pits and holes in the limestone, Florida was
again submerged, allowing the sea sand to accumulate over and
around the boulders.
Pratt (1892) while conceding that the theory of a pure bird
deposit, in localities favorable to the roosting of water fowl, more
nearly covers the conditions of the problem as presented in all
localities than any other so far advanced, considers that in the case
of the Withlacoochee River deposits the evidence is all opposed to
this theory. In this paper the theory is advanced by Pratt that the
phosphate boulder is a true fossil, the boulder being the phosphatic
skeleton of a gigantic foraminifera, while the soft phosphate is
supposed to be the germ spores or bud of the animals or the com¬
minuted debris of the animals themselves.*
Millar (1892) reviews the theories current at that time (pp.
115-117) and favors the view that guano is the most probable
source of the phosphate.
Whether the hard rock phosphates of Florida resulted from a
superficial and heavy deposit of soluble guano, or from the con¬
centration of phosphate of lime already widely and uniformly dis¬
tributed throughout the mass of the original rock, or from both
*The original of Dr. Pratt’s paper not being accessible to the writer
thio review is based on the quotation from the paper included in the Phos¬
phate Industry of the United States by Carroll D. Wright, 1893, pp. 24-31,
and in the Florida, South Carolina, and Canadian Phosphates by Millar,
1892, pp. 73-77 and 117.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PlETH ANNUAL REPORT.
Piece of phosphate rock taken from large boulder and showing secondary deposition of phosphate in the form
of layers on the bottom of the cavities and as stalactitic projections from the roof of the cavities. Natural
size.
EEORIDA GEOEOGICAE SURVEY. EIETH ANNUAI,
Piece of phosphate rock from laminated boulder. From the collection of H. Bystra.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 3.
Fig. 1. — Sample of phosphate illustrating the formation of phosphate by the
replacement process. The rock was clearly originally limestone of the Vicksburg
formation, the form of the shells being well preserved. The carbonate has been
replaced by phosphate, and the rock as shown by analysis is now a high grade
phosphate. Natural size.
Fig. 2. — Piece of phosphate rock showing secondary deposition in cavities and
recementation of broken fragments. Collection of H. Bystra. Natural size.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 4.
Fig. 1. — Mastodon tooth from T. A. Thompson’s mine at Neals, Fla.
This tooth has the gray phosphatic sands of the phosphate formation
firmly adhering to it indicating that it came from the phosphate formation.
Natural size.
Fig. 2. — Mastodon tooth from T. A. Thompson’s mine, Neals, Fla.
The gray phosphatic sands clinging to the tooth are evident in the photo¬
graph. This tooth shows very little wear. Natural size.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 5.
Fig. 1. — A fragment of mastodon jaw with two teeth in place from Neals, Fla.
About one-half natural size.
Fig. 2. — Teeth and foot bone of horse. The light colored tooth on the upper
side at the left is from the Dunnellon Phosphate Company plant No. 5 at Hernando,
in Citrus County. It has the phosphatic sands of the phosphate formation adhering
to it. The lower tooth on the left is from the Franklin Phosphate Company mine,
Newberry, Fla. (No. 1233). The upper tooth in the center is from the Camp Phos¬
phate Company, Blue Run mine, near Dunnellon (No. 1366). The lower tooth in the
center is from Cullens River Mine, Dunnellon (No. 1444). The foot bone is from
the Dunnellon Phosphate Company plant No. 6, near Dunnellon (No. 1302). All
natural size.
’
Florida geological survey.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 6
Sharks’ teeth from the hard rock phosphate deposits.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 7.
Sharks’ teeth from the hard rock phosphate deposits.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 8.
Fig. 1. — Phosphate washer for hard rock phosphate, Cummer Phosphate
Company, Alachua County.
Fig. 2. — Drill for prospecting for hard rock phosphate, in use by the
Southern Phosphate Development Company. The prospect holes are drilled
through the phosphate formation to the underlying formation, the Vicksburg
Limestone, which is reached at this locality at a depth of 75 to 100 feet.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
View in the Plate Rock Phosphate Mine at Anthony, showing the very irregular top surface of the limestone after
removal of the phosphate.
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
49
of these sources is regarded by Eldridge (1893) as a difficult
question. Alteration of the limestone and precipitation of phos¬
phate from solution are both regarded as having been active in the
formation of the primary phosphates. Phosphate boulders,
Eldridge suggests, may have been formed by chemical precipita¬
tion of layer upon layer of phosphate, either on a surface exposed
to the air or within a cavity in the limestone. By continued growth
in the latter case the cavity would become filled with laminated or
massive rock which upon the solution of the surrounding materials
or the complete breaking down of the formation, as in later times,
would result in a rounded body of phosphate of lime resembling
a sea rolled boulder.
Referring to phosphate of lime in sedimentary rocks Eldridge
says (p. 18), “Its presence in sea- water; its broad distribution in
both plant and animal life; its occurrence in rocks of all ages,
even to the extent of economic value ; and its special presence in
limestones, more particularly in Cretaceous and Tertiary lime¬
stones, are facts long recognized. Its occurrence in recent time in
the form of leached and soluble guanos on many of the oceanic
islands, and the phosphatization of the underlying strata, have also
been noted by many authorities ; the last is by actual observation
a tangible source, but the features first detailed point t» some other
and more general origin of phosphate of lime than localized bird-
deposits, or the but little more widely distributed accumulations
of animal remains. Its presence in sea-water, after the manner
of carbonate of lime, though in far smaller amount, is well
established ; both materials are of general occurrence, and each
play a prominent part in sea-life. The transfer of a consider¬
able percentage of phosphate of lime to localities having condi¬
tions favorable for its deposition, either in sediments, then
settling, or on surfaces of rocks already laid down, has doubtless
been accomplished in many cases through the instrumentality
of animals secreting it. Oceanic currents may have assisted this
accumulation. Again, southern waters, swamps, and lands give
evidence of the presence in them of abundant life, secreting
phosphate of lime and afterwards returning it to the beds on
which this life rests.”
50
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
With regard to the plate rock phosphates of Marion County,
Johnson (1893) assumes an original deposition of immense beds
of guano. These beds after the leaching out of their carbonates
and other soluble materials are believed tO' have become very
compact, yet not entirely impervious to water. Small cavities in
close contiguity became finally separated by mere plates and in
this connection are called laminated rock. By disintegration the
laminated rock is broken up into fragments, thus giving rise to
the so-called plate rock. Still further disintegration, in the opinion
of Johnson, results in the formation of soft phosphate. Johnson’s
theory as to the origin of the phosphate as expressed in this paper
is essentially the same as that advanced by Cox in 1890 to account
for the phosphates as a whole. Johnson’s view that the plate rock
results from the disintegration of laminated boulders had not
previously been definitely advanced, although Willis includes a
statement to this effect in his paper published in 1892.
Lucius P. Brown (1904) regards it as possible that guano may
have contributed in a minor degree to the enrichment in phos¬
phoric acid of the Florida limestones. The workable deposits of
phosphate of lime, however, he regards as having been gathered
up from miscellaneous sources in sedimentary rocks and concen¬
trated through the agency of underground water with more or
less further concentration by mechanical means.
Mr. P. Jumeau (1905) reviews the theories proposed to
account for the origin of the phosphate rock, pp. 68-82. That the
phosphate rock has accumulated chiefly from the leaching of
guano is regarded by him as the most probable theory.
DISCUSSION OF THEORIES.
The theories offered by Wyatt, 1890, and by Pratt, 1892, are
highly speculative and are based on assumptions for which nc
proof is offered. Of this class also are some other theories that
have appeared from time to time in newspaper and magazine
articles.
Davidson assumes that the phosphate rock existed originally
in the Vicksburg Limestone and in its present form is merely
ORIGIN OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
51
residual from the decay of that formation. In answer to this
hypothesis it may be noted that while the Vicksburg Limestone
is known by surface exposures throughout a large extent of the
territory in the Gulf States, and by well borings to a considerable
depth in Florida and elsewhere, it is strikingly free from inclu¬
sions of phosphate rock, such as would remain upon the disinte¬
gration of the limestone to form these phosphate deposits.
Cox, in successive papers, argues that the phosphate rock is
itself mineralized guano. This, likewise, was the view of Johnson
(1893), as applied at least to the plate rock phosphates of Marion
County. The fact that not a few of the phosphate boulders and
pieces of rock have retained more or less well preserved evidence
of their derivation from limestone sufficiently controverts this
hypothesis, which is otherwise improbable.
Darton (1891) and Dali (1892) each assume that guano is
the immediate source of the phosphoric acid. Barton’s paper on
this subject is brief and includes merely a statement of the
probable origin of the rock. Dali, however, gives a clear state¬
ment of the guano hypothesis in its relation to the hard rock
phosphates of Florida. It is even thought probable by Dali that
each local deposit of hard rock phosphate may represent the loca¬
tion of an ancient bird rookery. The hypothesis of the origin of
the phosphate from guano fails entirely to account for the
jumble of materials with which me phosphate is associated. This,
in the writer’s opinion, is the insurmountable objection to the bird
guano theory, as developed by Dali.
Of those who have written on the origin of the hard rock
phosphate deposits of Florida, no one, with the exception of Eld-
ridge, has taken sufficient account of the complexity of this forma¬
tion, or has seemed to appreciate that it is as necessary to account
for the associated materials as for the phosphate itself. With
the hypotheses proposed by Eldridge, however, the writer is un¬
able to agree.
Whatever the original source of the phosphoric acid, whether
from guano or from phosphate of lime, originally disseminated
throughout the Vicksburg Limestone, the subsequent process,
according to Eldridge, was the formation of a highly phosphatized
52
FLORIDA STATL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
zone within and presumably at or near the surface of the Vicks¬
burg Limestone. This process Eldridge designates as the first period
during which the primary phosphate was formed. To account for
the condition in which the rock is now found and for the mixture
of materials in the matrix Eldridge assumes that at a late period,
probably at the close of the Pliocene, the peninsula of Florida
was resubmerged and that during this resubmergence this phos¬
phate stratum was broken up, the pieces being removed more or
less from their original location. To account for the associated
sands, clays and other materials mixed with the phosphate rock
he assumes that strong currents were running which washed in
these complex materials. The phosphate that is now present in a
finely divided condition and acts as a cementing substance for the
gray sands was, he assumes, the ground up sediment from the
hard rock which mixed with the sands as they were drifted into
their present location.
The writer’s hypothesis is based on observations by himself
and others which lead to the conclusion that formations later than
the Vickburg, formerly extended across the phosphate fields, and
that these have now largely disintegrated. It is shown also that
these formations, where now found intact, or as remnants on the
surrounding uplands, are distinctly phosphatic. From these
observations it is concluded that the matrix of the hard rock phos¬
phate deposits is the residue of the formations that have dis¬
integrated in situ, and that the phosphate itself is derived from the
phosphate originally widely disseminated through these forma¬
tions, circulating waters being the agency by which the phosphate
has been carried to its present location. The gray sands held to¬
gether by the finely divided phosphate, referred to by Eldridge,
are a part of the residue from these earlier formations in which
the sands occur under similar conditions.
In the present paper it is not intended to discuss the source of
the phosphate, which is found widely disseminated in the Upper
Oligocene and some later formations, from which by solution and
redeposition it has accumulated to form the workable hard rock
deposits. The writer does not believe, however, that the bird
guano theory will account for these widely disseminated phos-
ORIGIN OF THF HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
53
phates, any better than for the intensely localized hard rock phos¬
phates. Upper Oligocene formations, which are throughout more
or less phosphatic, attain in Florida a thickness of several hundred
feet. Moreover these formations, except where disconnected by
erosion, are continuous from the Apalachicola River, in West Flor¬
ida, to an undetermined distance beyond the point at which they
disappear beneath later formations in Central Florida. It is in¬
conceivable to the writer that bird guano deposits could have been
so uniformly scattered over so wide an area and through so great
a thickness of sedimentary rocks.
As regards the chemical changes involved in the formation of
the hard rock phosphate there is much less disagreement among
the different writers. Fedoux, Darton, Dali, Eldridge, Brown,
Jumeau and others have recognized that phosphoric acid in solu¬
tion in water may and under favorable conditions does replace
the carbonate of limestones thus forming calcium phosphate.
Darton recognized the two processes, the first being the replace¬
ment of the carbonate by phosphate, and the second the subsequent
coating over the surface and in cavities by phosphate thrown out
of solution. Eldridge recognized the formation of boulders by
replacement of carbonate by phosphate, and by precipitation from
solution. The evidence of the formation of phosphate by the
replacement of carbonate by phosphate is entirely incontrovertible,
since, as has been previously stated, many of the boulders retain
the original calcareous shells now phosphatized. The evidence of
subsequent secondary deposition in the cavities is likewise obtained
from the structure of the rock itself. The formation of boulders
by precipitation seems probable from the structure of many of the
boulders. Doubtless, as elsewhere stated, the replacement and
precipitation have combined in the formation of many boulders.
The chemical processes involved are more fully discussed else¬
where.
Turning again to the explanation of the hard rock phosphate
deposits offered by the writer, the key to the solution of the hard
rock phosphate problems is found, in the writer’s opinion, in a
study of the geological history of the State. The foundation rock
in Central Florida is the Vicksburg Limestone of Lower Oligo-
54
FLORIDA STATL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
cene age. In the hard rock phosphate section there is at present
no formation, other than the phosphate itself, overlying the Vicks¬
burg. However, there are good reasons, as already stated, for
believing that the Upper Oligocene and some later formations,
now found on the uplands bordering the phosphate belt, formerly
extended across this area. Upper Oligocene deposits are found
at the present time bordering the phosphate belt on the north, east
and south, while on the west outliers of these formations may
still be found in Levy and in Hernando Counties.* Remnants,
apparently, of these formations have recently been observed by the
writer on the hills near Morganville, west of the phosphate area
in Marion County.
Further support of the view that the Upper Oligocene deposits
formerly extended across the phosphate belt is found in the topog¬
raphy of the area. The phosphate country has been reduced in
elevation more or less by underground solution. The phosphate
deposits of Alachua County are found at an elevation of from 75
to 100 feet above sea, while passing to the east the plateau or
uneroded section of this county rises to an elevation of 200 feet
above sea. In Marion County the phosphates are found at an
elevation of from 40 to 100 feet above sea, while both west and
east of the phosphate belt, hills, the remnants of the former
plateau, rise to an elevation of from 140 to 160 feet above sea.
In Citrus County the hill country west of the phosphate area still
retains a height of from 150 to 220 feet. The Upper Oligocene
formations are found very generally on the east side of the phos¬
phate belt, while remnants, as already stated, are found on at least
some of the hills on the west side of the area.
Whether or not marine Miocene formerly extended across the
present phosphate fields is undetermined. The character of the
residue at some localities suggests Miocene material, although no
actual proof of a former extent of the Miocene across this part
of the State has yet been obtained. The marine Pliocene probably
did not reach across this part of the State. Fresh water deposits
of Pliocene and Pleistocene, however, are to be expected since
"Florida Geological Survey, Second Annual Report, Map, 1909.
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
55
fresh water Pliocene deposits, the Alachua clays, containing
remains of land vertebrates are found locally around the border
of the phosphate area. These deposits were formed in small lakes
and sinks, and similar deposits, doubtless, formed in the phos¬
phate area. The red sandy clays which form the surface deposits
over practically all of the Northern and Central Florida probably
extended across the phosphate area.
Assuming the former areal extent of these later formations
across what is now the phosphate belt of Florida, the solution of
other problems connected with the hard rock deposits is much
facilitated. As a result of the action of the weathering agencies
these formations have disintegrated, their residue forming the
phosphate matrix. The process of erosion and disintegration has
been long continued, during which time the general surface level
has been gradually lowered by the solution and removal of the
underlying limestone. The lowering of the limestone here as else¬
where in limestone countries progresses not uniformly but irregu¬
larly, due to the formation of caves, sinks and underground
channels. This irregular subsidence has resulted in the mixing of
materials originally distinct. Sinks form in the limestone section
of Florida by which material at the surface is lowered by the
sudden caving of the earth. When these sinks are first formed
the walls are vertical or nearly so. As a result of the caving at
the sides together with the wash of surface material they fill up.
By this process long continued the materials of different forma¬
tions become intimately mixed.
The mixing of materials by underground solution and sub¬
sidence has been supplemented by stream action. While this area
is at present practically without streams, yet local streams existed
during the earlier stages of physiographic development. These
local streams begin their development as soon as sinks are formed
and when the stratigraphic conditions are favorable a stream
enters each sink; working back from the sink the stream estab¬
lished in time a normal drainage system. These streams are
known as disappearing streams since they enter sinks. As has
56
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
been explained in a previous paper,* the limestone country of
Central Florida is gradually encroaching on the non-limestone
country. These temporary streams make up one of the character¬
istic features of the physiography in the transition stage and num¬
erous examples of such streams are found in the partially eroded
uplands bordering the phosphate fields. After being formed a
sink is frequently filled up by the materials carried by the stream
which enters it.
In addition to local streams it is probable that considerable
bodies of water existed from time to time in this section into which
streams entered. The Pliocene was probably the time of the most
active reaccumulation of the material which makes up the matrix
of the phosphate deposits. Whether or not this area was partially
submerged during the time of the reworking of the materials of
this formation can possibly be determined by a careful study of
the fossils.
THE FOSSILS OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATE
DEPOSITS.
Two distinct groups or lots of fossils are found in this forma¬
tion. The first of these includes those fossils, chiefly sharks’ teeth,
that are residual from the formations that have disintegrated. The
second group, of which there is a considerable fauna, chiefly land
animals, includes those fossils that were incorporated in connec¬
tion with the reworking of the materials. The invertebrate fossils
of this formation are contained for the most part in loose frag¬
ments of rock which represent inclusions from the underlying
Vicksburg Limestone or remnants from later formations that
have disintegrated.
It should be borne in mind in this connection that the residual
fossils do not necessarily all come from formations later than the
Vicksburg. A part, possibly a majority, are residual from the
Vicksburg itself. As already explained, the limestone is being
constantly removed by solution and the fossils that it contained,
if sufficiently resistant, remain as a part of the residue and hence
^'Fourth Annual Report Florida Geological Survey, page 33, 1912.
ORIGIN OR THR HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
57
become incorporated in the phosphate deposits. Among the
residual fossils are sharks’ teeth, which are obtained in numbers
from every pit that is operated. It is frequently stated by the
miners that the sharks’ teeth become more abundant as the under¬
lying limestone is approached near the base of the deposits. This
statement is consistent with the view that many of the teeth are
residual from the underlying limestone. The less resistant parts
of the skeleton can not be expected to have persisted from these
early formations in such abundance and such perfect state of pres¬
ervation as have the teeth.
The residual fossils are of value to the geologist since from
them it may be possible to determine from what particular forma¬
tions the materials of the matrix have been derived. The fossils
included with the phosphate, not residual, indicate the age or time
during which the reworking of the materials occurred.
The fossils that were incorporated with the materials while
they were being, reworked and redeposited are, as would be
expected, of much later date than the residual fossils. Of these
later animals comparatively fragile bones are frequently preserved.
Whole skeletons, however, are rarely found in place. This may
be due to the conditions under which they .were entombed, or
possibly to the fact that the parts of the skeleton have been
subsequently more or less dissociated by the subsidence of the
materials due to the solution of the underlying limestone.
From the fact that the formation of caves and sink holes in the
limestone has continued to the present time it is evident that some
comparatively recent fossils are likely to become included with
the phosphate. Moreover local fresh water Pleistocene or recent
surface deposits are likely to occur as a part of the overburden
from which fossils may become mixed with the phosphate. Along
the Withlacoochee River, which cuts through these deposits, also
there has doubtless beep more or less shifting of the stream by
which Pleistocene and recent remains are included with the phos¬
phate. These are conditions that must be borne in mind in making
and in studying the collections.
Of the fossils that are accepted as contemporaneous with the
phosphate formation the best authenticated is a species of
58
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
mastodon, probably M. floridanus. This mastodon has been
obtained in the hard rock phosphate section from the following
mines: T. A. Thompson, Neals, Alachua County; Dutton Phos¬
phate Company, plant No. 22, Juliette, Marion County; Cullen
River Mine, Dunnellon, and Dunnellon Phosphate Company,
plant No. 5, Hernando, Citrus County. That the mastodon is
actually imbedded in the phosphate bearing formation is not only
vouched for by the miners who have personally taken specimens
from the pits, but is evident from the specimens themselves, some
of which have the gray phosphatic sands of the phosphate forma¬
tion adhering to them. Associated with the mastodon is found
the small three-toed horse, Hippcirion. The remains of the horse
have been obtained only from the picker belt, but notwithstanding
the fact that they have gone through the washer, some of the teeth
still have bits of the phosphate matrix clinging to them. The
horse remains have been obtained from the following mines :
Franklin Phosphate Company, mine No. 2, Newberry, and T. A.
Thompson, Neals, both in Alachua County; Dunnellon Phosphate
Company, plant No. 6, Dunnellon, Marion County, and Dunnellon
Phosphate Company, No. 5, Hernando, Citrus County. A number
of other fossils have been obtained, which remain to be deter¬
mined. Among these are teeth of an early camel from Dunnellon
Phosphate Company, plant No. 5, Hernando, Citrus County, and
Cullen River Mine, Dunnellon.
From the plants working along and near the bed of the
Withlacoochee River have been obtained a considerable number of
fossils. Among these, in addition to the mastodon, camel and
early horse, is the elephant, rhinoceros and a more recent horse, as
well as a number of other forms, some of which appear to be com¬
paratively recent. It is evident that a mixing of fossils has
occurred along the river due, possibly, to the shifting of the
channel.
SOURCE OF THE PHOSPHORIC ACID.
The source of the phosphoric acid is believed to be from the
various formations that have disintegrated in situ. The Upper
Oligocene deposits are Very generally phosphatic throughout their
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
59
entire extent from the Apalachicola River, in West Florida, through
Northern and Central Florida. The red sandy clays forming the
surface deposits over much of Northern Florida and which prob¬
ably extended across the phosphate section overlying the
Oligocene deposits, contained fragments from the granitic rocks
and have doubtless contributed in the process of decay more or
less phosphoric acid.
AGENCY.
The agency by means of which the phosphates were accumu¬
lated in their present form was ground water. The rainfall, which
in Florida amounts to about 54 inches per annum, in passing
through the surface materials dissolves a limited amount of the
phosphate, which is carried to a lower level and is finally thrown
out of solution in a. concentrated form. This process long
continued results in the accumulation of workable phosphate
deposits.
RELATION- TO THE UNDERGROUND WATER LEVEL.
It is probable that the ground water level has had an impor¬
tant bearing on the formation of the phosphate deposits. There
is, as is well known, a definite relation between the ground water
level and chemical reactions within the earth. The conditions
above and below this level are radically different. Above the
ground water level the movement of water following rains is free
and solution is active; below this level the water stands or has a
scarcely appreciable movement. Above the water level solu¬
tion is active, while below this level deposition frequently occurs.
It is important to observe in this connection that the under¬
ground water level, in Central Florida, which has such a direct
bearing on chemical deposition has not always remained the same.
In former times when the surface stood at a higher level the water
table was higher above sea than at present. In other words, a
lowering of the general surface level by erosion was accompanied
by a lowering of the water table. It thus happens that a locality
which in one stage of physiographic development is favorable to
the formation of phosphate rock, may in a subsequent stage, when
6b
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY.
conditions have changed, be favorable to the disintegration of
these deposits. Moreover, any change in levels, either elevation
or depression, affects the water level and hence modifies condi¬
tions. Such changes in elevation have undoubtedly occurred. For
instance a rise ‘in elevation of 15 to 25 feet along the east side of
Florida and a similar depression along the west coast as late as
Pleistocene times is fairly well established. This, together with
any further changes that occurred in the elevation of the peninsu¬
lar, must be taken into account in its bearing on the change of
water level and the corresponding change in deposition, and dis¬
integration. It is not held that the accumulation of the rock in
no case occurs above water level. In fact the secondary stalactitic
deposits seen in many boulders evidently form as in caves above
water level. The earth is a complex chemical laboratory in which
chemical reactions take place in accordance with constantly
changing conditions.
THE FORMATION OF BOULDERS.
The phosphate boulders have evidently been formed chemically
through the agency of ground water. The boulders of silica are
formed by a similar process by which silica taken into solution
near the surface is redeposited at a greater depth.
SILICA BOULDERS.
Most of the flint or silica boulders were originally masses of
limestone and still retain, in recognizable form, the shells and
other fossils of which the limestone was originally composed. In
these boulders the calcium carbonate has been replaced by silica.
This process is common in nature. Petrification, another term
for a similar process, is the slow removal in solution of the sub¬
stance of which an object is composed and its replacement by
some other substance. In the case of petrified wood the wood has
been removed and replaced by silica, calcium carbonate, iron car¬
bonate or whatever the petrifying agent may be. Silicified wood,
silicified shells, silicified bone all refer to petrification in which
silica was the petrifying agent.
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCIC PHOSPHATES. G1
The boulders of silica are, therefore, masses of silicified lime¬
stone, the fossils originally present in the limestone having for
the most part retained their form.
PHOSPHATE BOULDERS.
The phosphate boulders are formed either by replacement of
the limestone or by precipitation from solution.
PHOSPHATE BOULDERS FORMED BY THE REPLACEMENT PROCESS.
Some of the phosphate boulders and pieces of rock are evi¬
dently formed by the replacement of the carbonate of the original
limestone by phosphate. That this is true is proven by the fact
that the shells and other fossils that made up the original lime¬
stone are sometimes well preserved, and from these shells it is
possible to identify the particular formation from which the
original limestone comes. Among the illustrations which accom¬
pany this paper will be found a photograph of a rock, which was
originally pure limestone of the Vicksburg formation but is now
changed, as shown by analysis, to a high grade phosphate. The
shells and other fossils making up the limestone, which were
originally calcareous, were subsequently phosphatized. Other¬
wise expressed, they have been petrified, phosphate being the
petrifying agent. The collection of Dr. H. Bystra at Holder
contains a piece of phosphate boulder, in which much larger
shells are equally well preserved. While occasional phosphate
boulders with fossils in a perfect condition of preservation are
found as a rule the preservation of the fossils in the boulders is
imperfect. It is probable, also, that in many boulders formed by
replacement the fossils are entirely obliterated.
PHOSPHATE BOULDERS FORMED BY PRECIPITATION.
Many of the phosphate boulders are formed in part or entirely
by precipitation of calcium phosphate from solution in water.
This is probably the method of formation of the laminated
boulders.
It is probable that replacement and deposition from solution
are both involved in the formation of many boulders.
62
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
SECONDARY DEPOSITION OF PHOSPHATE FROM
SOLUTION.
■ In many boulders a secondary deposition from solution may
be recognized. Practically all the laminated boulders show a
rough mamilated or stalactitic undersurface of each lamina, while
the top surface of the lamina next beneath show successive layers,
separated by minute parting planes, indicating successive deposi¬
tion of phosphate from solution. This process is similar to that
which takes place in caves where calcium carbonate is deposited
to form stalactites and stalagmites, and is probably confined to
boulders lying above the permanent ground water level. Many
small pieces of rock were doubtless phosphatized without having
assumed the boulder form.
ORIGIN OF THE PLATE ROCK.
The plate rock deposits represent a peculiar phase of the hard
rock formation. It seems probable that the plate rock represents,
in part at least, fragments of boulders that have disintegrated, as
was suggested by Johnson in 1893. It has also been suggested
that these plates may have been formed by finely' divided phos¬
phate mud settling as a sediment.
As previously stated many of the boulders have a laminated
structure. When such boulders disintegrate the laminae break
up, giving rise to the flattened pieces to which the term plate
rock is applied. In this connection it is interesting to observe
that the plate rock occurs in those sections of the field in which
the phosphate deposits now lie above the water level, and have
been subjected to disintegrating influences. The plate rock
deposits, as at Anthony and Sparr, form a comparatively thin cov¬
ering over the Vicksburg Limestone and represent, in the writer’s
interpretation, the disintegrated remnant of an ordinary hard rock
phosphate deposit.
The gravel found mixed with the hard rock very possibly
represents in part small bits of rock that have become phos¬
phatized and in part fragments of larger rocks. The soft phos¬
phate associated with the hard rock has very generally been
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
Go
regarded as resulting from the disintegration of the hard rock,
although a part of the soft phosphate may be merely phosphatic
clays.
LOCALIZATION OF THE HARD ROCK DEPOSITS.
The localized nature of the hard rock deposits within the
formation is with little doubt explained by the variable character
of the materials in which it occurs. As has been previously
stated, the deposits of phosphate boulders are to some extent
associated with local clay lenses. Such an association is a priori
natural since clay interferes with the free circulation of the per¬
colating water. On the other hand, when the matrix is chiefly
sands with uniform and open texture, through which the water
moves readily, the conditions are not favorable for the chemical
deposition of phosphate. However, occurrence of the rock can
not be expected to follow too closely the structural conditions as
now observed since, as has already been explained, the whole phos¬
phate producing section has been subjected to erosion by solution,
which permitted irregular and intermittent local subsidence, thus
thoroughly mixing the materials and moving them more or less
from their original location.
LIMITATION OF THE HARD ROCK PHOSPHATES.
There yet remains the problem of the limitation of the hard
rock phosphate to a particular and well recognized physiographic
type of country. That the phosphate beds are so confined has
long been apparent to those actively engaged in prospecting for
and mining phosphate as well as to those who have investigated
the deposits from a scientific standpoint. The accompanying map
from the Fourth Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey
outlines in a general way the several physiographic types of the
limestone section of Central Florida. In the light of what has
previously been written, together with the legend, the map is
largely self-explanatory. Four well defined physiographic types
are recognized as follows : The Gulf Hammock Belt, The Hard
64
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Rock Phosphate Belt, The Middle Florida Hammock Belt, and
The Fake Region.
Immediately adjacent to the Gulf coast, in northern Peninsular
Florida and for a few miles inland, the limestone lies at or very
close to the surface. The underground water level is near the
surface, and numerous large springs of limestone water emerge
from the rock and flow to the ocean. This coastal strip contains'
numerous extensive calcareous hammocks and is known as the
Gulf Hammock section of Florida. If formations later than the
Oligocene limestones were formerly present over the Gulf Ham¬
mock area they have, with the exception of a slight residue of
sand, disappeared. The Gulf Hammock section, west of Suwan¬
nee River, is underlaid by the Upper Oligocene limestones, while
east of the Suwannee River the underlying formation is chiefly
the Tower Oligocene limestone.
Inland from the Gulf Hammock area, in Peninsular Florida, is
found a strip of country over which formations of later age than
the Tower Oligocene were clearly present in former times,
although there now remains of these scarcely more than the
mixed and complex residue. The strip of country of this type
extends in well marked development from the southern part of
Suwannee and Columbia Counties, roughly paralleling the Gulf
coast to Hernando and Pasco Counties. This area includes the
hard rock phosphate deposits, these deposits having accumulated
by the processes elsewhere explained during the period of erosion
through which this section has passed. Few lakes or streams are
found in the hard rock phosphate belt, as the rainfall enters
through the loose surface material and passes directly into the
underlying limestone. The underground water level lies, as a
rule, at a greater depth beneath the surface than in the Gulf
Hammock country. Numerous sinks form, giving evidence of
the continued active erosion by underground solution. The sur¬
face contour is rolling, there being no regularity of hills or valleys.
Inland from the hard rock phosphate belt is found areas less
affected by erosion, in which more or less of the formations that
originally overlaid the Vicksburg Timestone may be identified
in position. This type of country is known as the Middle Florida
~7. Pk
- - .- -r. C..'- X c
• v. .. > . • _ u-- — .
?• ’ ': & • , - S » p.; «. £<» £ ,? s’ r ':
C •/■;■' •'•. 4 .... £ >•* .. £. N H- £ ,'f t
. :■ 'j • r :• . £, •' ’.v "•• B. r-'
r: V- T'a.HV? <
•* '“A*- « ' £. C ■
- 2' 50 . ~ a-
£lV, ^p,2,gg
f? ~ ^ hij <t tv t-'
r.; '; O ^ to ©
ORIGIN OR THE HARD ROC 1C PHOSPHATES.
65
Hammock Belt. In this type of country the surface is rolling,
or somewhat hilly and occasionally flat bottomed lakes are found,
which occupy solution basins. The soils on the slopes are pre¬
vailingly red with red clay sub-soil. Surface streams occur,
although most of these terminate either in lakes or in sink holes
through which they gain entrance to the underlying limestones,
forming the disappearing streams characteristic of this type of
country. In peninsular Florida two areas of Middle Florida
Hammock lands may be designated. One of these includes a
narrow belt extending in a northwest to southeast direction,
through Columbia and Alachua Counties, into Marion County,
A small part of Suwannee County, east of Houston, along the
Seaboard Air Line Railway, is also included. This belt occupies
the border land between the limestone and non-limestone country
of this part of the State. The second well marked area is that
which extends north and south through Citrus, Hernando and
Pasco Counties, and is surrounded on all sides by more intensely
eroded limestone country. A third large area of this type of
country lies west of the Suwannee River, including the northern
part of Leon, Jefferson and Madison Counties. Temporary lakes,
rolling topography, good drainage, and red clay soils are charac¬
teristic features of this stage of topographic development.
The Lake Region of Florida, as a physiographic type, has long
been known and often referred to in the literature of Florida.
This type of topography includes a large area, extending from
Clay County, on the north, to near the middle of DeSoto County,
on the south, its greatest width being found in Lake and Orange
Counties. It is cut into by the St. Johns, Oklawaha and With-
lacoochee Rivers. Aside from these rivers surface streams are
few, the rainfall passing into the soil. Lakes, as implied by the
name, are extremely numerous in this section of the country.
They are of a characteristic type, being usually deep, circular in
outline and bordered by abrupt sloping banks. They are entirely
distinct from the temporary, flat bottomed, shallow lakes of the
Middle Florida Hammock Belt.
The lake region represents, in the writer’s interpretation, an
early stage in the degradation of the surface level by under-
66
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ground solution. The many basins now occupied by lakes have
been formed by subsidence due to solution. Following the
formation of the basins the surrounding uplands are gradually
lowered, the tendency being to fill up the basins and to reduce
the land surface once more to a common, although lower level.
An examination of the accompanying map, on which the lake
region is separately indicated, bears out the view that this region
represents the further southeastward migration of the limestone
country of the peninsula.
It is not necessary to assume that the hard rock phosphate
belt has passed through a stage of development identical with
that of either the lake region or the Middle Florida Hammock
Belt. Differences in the thickness and character of the forma¬
tions, or of the drainage, or other conditions may have modified
the results in this region. Certain it is, however, that the lime¬
stone region of Central Florida is encroaching on the non-lime¬
stone areas to the east. Whether or not what is now the hard
rock phosphate belt passed through the typical lake region topo¬
graphy, it is at least a reasonable inference that lakes more or
less extensive existed in the earlier stages of the development of
this area.
ECONOMIC RELATION.
The economic bearing of the observation that the hard rock
phosphate is confined to a particular physiographic type is im¬
portant. Although within the area careful and expensive pros¬
pecting is necessary to locate the individual deposits, yet to pros¬
pect for hard rock phosphate outside of the particular physio¬
graphic type of country with which the hard rock phosphates are
associated is recognized as useless. No hard rock phosphate is
to be expected, for instance, in the lake region nor elsewhere in
the non-limestone areas of Florida, nor in the Middle Florida
Hammock Belt, except possibly in such local areas as have by
more rapid erosion passed into the stage in which hard rock
phosphate accumulates.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS ON THE PHOS¬
PHATES OF FLORIDA.
The entries in the bibliography are arranged in chronological
order, or as nearly so as is practicable. Those papers not seen
by the writer are indicated by an asterisk. To facilitate reference
an alphabetical index of authors is given, the date of publication
which follows the name indicating the place of the author’s paper
in the bibliography.
ALPHABETIC INDEX TO AUTHORS CITED IN THE BIBLI¬
OGRAPHY.
Blair, A. W., 1908.
Brown, Lucius P., 1904, 1912.
Carnot, Adolphe, 1896.
Codington, E. W., 1896.
Collison, S. E., 1911.
Cox, E. T., 1890, 1891, 1892, 1896.
Dali, W. H., 1891, 1892, 1896.
Darton, N. H., 1891.
Davidson, Walter B. M., 1891, 1893.
Eldridge, George H., 1893.
Florida State Geological Survey, 1908.
Fuller, Myron L., 1907.
Goldsmith, E., 1890.
Hawes, George W., 1883.
Hovey, Edmund Otis, 1904.
Jackson, Granberry, 1907.
Johnson, Lawrence C., 1885, 1893.
Jumeau, L. P., 1905, 1906.
Kost, J., 1887.
LeBaron, J. Francis, 1893.
Ledoux, Albert R., 1890.
McCallie, S. W., 1896.
Matson, George C., 1909.
Memminger, C. G., 1910.
Mendenhall, H. D., 1908.
Millar, C. C. Hover, 1891, 1892.
68
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Murray, John, 1886.
Parker, Edward W., 1900.
Penrose, R. A. F., 1888.
Persons, A. A., 1893.
Pickel, J. M., 1890, 1891.
Pratt, N. A., 1868, 1892.
Schrader, Jay, 1890, 1891.
Sellards, E. H., 1909, 1910, 1911.
Shaler, N. S., 1893.
Shepard, Charles Upham, 1893.
Smith, E. A., 1884, 1885.
Struthers, Joseph, 1902.
United States Geological Survey, 1883.
Van Horn, F. B., 1908.
Vaughan, T. Wayland, 1910.
Waggaman, William H., 1911.
Wells, G. M., 1896.
Willis, Edward, 1892.
Wright, Carroll D., 1893. •
Wyatt, Francis, 1890, 1891.
LIST OF PAPERS ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY.
1868. Pratt, N. A.:
Ashley River Phosphate. History of the Marls of South
Carolina, and of the Discovery and Development of the
native bone Phosphates of the Charleston Basin. 42
pp., Philadelphia, Pa. 1868.*
In connection with an elaboration of the coral reef
theory of the development of the mainland of Florida in
this report, reference is made to coprolite or guano-like
deposits of birds, reptiles and fishes, from which the soluble
ingredients have been dissolved, leaving the insoluble lime
phosphate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
69
1883. Hawes, Geo. W. :
On a Phosphatic Sandstone from Hawthorne, in Florida,
Nat. Mus. Proc. for 1882. Pp. 46-48, 1883.
This paper contains an analysis of phosphatic rock
from the quarry of C. A. Simmons. This was, perhaps, the
first definitely reported analysis of phosphatic rock from
Florida.
1883. United States Geological Survey:
The volume on Mineral Resources of the United States
for 1882, p. 523, published in 1883, reports the occur¬
rence of phosphatic marls in Florida, in Clay, Alachua,
Wakulla, Duval and Gadsden Counties.
The volume for 1883-84, pp. 793, published in 1885,
contains a reference to the occurrence of phosphate rock
in Clay, Alachua, Duval, Gadsden and Wakulla Counties.
The volume for 1885, p. 450-453, published in 1886,
contains additional notes based on investigations of Mr.
Tawrence C. Johnson during 1884 and 1885.
The volume for 1886, published in 1887, contains, page
617-618, notes on the examination of phosphate by Dr. J.
Kost in Wakulla County.
The volume for 1887, published in 1888, page 584,
notes the developments which were in progress on the
Peace River, near Arcadia, in DeSoto County, Florida.
The volume on Mineral Resources for 1888 and the
subsequent volumes of the series give the production of
phosphate rock in Florida for each succeeding year, with
occasional notes in regard to the development of the
deposits.
1884. Smith, Eugene A. :
Report on the Cotton Production of the State of Florida,
with an account of the general agricultural features of
the State. U. S. 10th Census, VI, Rept. Cotton Prod., ‘
pt. 2, pp. 175-258, 1884.
The analysis of the phosphatic rock from Hawthorne
is included in this paper, with comment on the value of the
rock as a fertilizer.
70
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1885. Smith, Eugene A. :
Phosphatic Rocks of Florida. Science, V, pp. 395-396.
1885.
In his earlier paper, 1884, Dr. Smith had assumed that
the phosphatic rock at Hawthorne, which he had not seen,
was of Vicksburg age. On the basis of information
supplied to him by L. C. Johnson, and from the examina¬
tion of a hand specimen he concludes that the rock is of
Miocene age.
1885. Johnson, Lawrence C. :
(Phosphatic Rocks of Florida.) Science, V, pp. 396, 1885
This publication is in the form of a letter to Dr. E. A.
Smith. In this letter Johnson reports phosphatic rock
from various localities in Florida, among which are Pres¬
ton’s Sink, Nigger Sink and Live Oak. Evidence is
presented to show that these phosphatic rocks are of later
age than the Vicksburg.
1886. Murray, John :
Report on the Specimens of Bottom Deposits. Report on
results of dredgings under the supervision of Alexander
Agassiz in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean, and
along the Atlantic Coast of the United States by the
U. S. S. Blake. Mus. Comp. Zook, XII, No. 2, pp. 37-
61, 1885;* abst. Am. Jour. Sci., (3) XXXI, pp. 221-
225, 1886.
Records the occurrence of concretions of phosphate of
lime in the Strait of Florida.
1887. Kost, J. :
First Report of the Geological Survey of Florida, 31 pp.,
Tallahassee, 1887. Abst. Science, IX, 446-447, 1887.
In this paper, pp. 21-24, Kost reports the examination
of phosphatic limestone, sandstone and marl in Wakulla,
Alachua, Marion, Hillsboro and Manatee Counties. Arr
analysis is included of the phosphatic sandstone from near
Sopchoppy in Wakulla County.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OR FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
71
1888. Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. :
Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Rime, with
an introduction by N. S. Shaler. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., 46, 143 pp., 3 pis., 1888.
This paper includes a general review of all phosphate
deposits known at that time. The phosphate deposits of
Hawthorne and vicinity were personally examined and are
described on pages 78 and 79. The report contains a
bibliography of publications on phosphate.
1890. Shrader, Jay:
Florida. The Underground Wealth and Prehistoric
Wonders of Polk and DeSoto Counties, 34 pp. Bartow,
1890 *
An account of the phosphate mining industry as
developed at that time is included in this report.
1890. Ledoux, Albert R. :
The Newly-discovered Phosphate Beds of Florida. New
York Acad. Sci. Trans., IX, pp. 84-94, February, 1890;
Eng. Min. Jour., XLIX, 175-177, 1890; Sci. Am-. Supp.,
XXX, 12104-12105, No. 758, 1890. Read before the
New York Academy of Science January 27, 1890.
This paper contains a description of the hard rock
phosphate deposits in Marion, Citrus and Hernando
Counties, based on examination made in 1889 or 1890, and
soon after the hard rock deposits were discovered. Refer¬
ence is made to an earlier publication on the hard rock
phosphate at Dunnellon by Professor W. P. Frost, of
Savannah. The place of publication of Prof. Frost’s paper,
however, is not given.
1890. Pickel, J. M. :
Florida Phosphate. Fla. Agri. Exp. 'Station, Bull. 10, pp.
6-11, July, 1890.
A brief account of the Florida phosphates from samples
received for analysis, and brief notes on the discovery of
„ the deposits.
72
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1890. Wyatt, Francis :
Notes on the Florida Phosphate Beds. Eng. Min. Jour.
L, pp. 218-220, August, 1890.* Extract in Florida,
South Carolina and Canadian Phosphates, by C. C.
Hoyer Millar, pp. S5-87, and 116-117, 1892.
Wyatt comments in this paper on the local or pockety
nature of the hard rock phosphate deposits.
1890. Cox, E. T. :
An Extensive Deposit of Phosphate Rock in Florida. Am.
Nat. XXIV, 1185-1186, 1890 *
The term Floridite is proposed in this paper for the
Florida hard rock phosphate.
1890. Goldsmith, E. :
Pea-Like Phosphate from Polk County, Florida. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc. X. (y2 p.), 1890.
Contains a brief description of the microscopic struc¬
ture of pebble phosphate from Ft. Meade. Acicular
crystals of apatite were found imbedded in amorphous
silica.
1891. Picked, J. M. :
Comparative Value of Raw Finely Powdered Phosphate
and of Acidulated Phosphate as a Fertilizer. Fla. Agri.
Exp. Station, Bull. 13, pp. 12-15, April, 1891.
This paper gives a review of experiments in the use of
raw phosphates conducted by other investigators with an
opinion as to the application of the results to the Florida
phosphates.
1891. Millar, C. C. Hoyer:
The Phosphate Fields of Florida. 48 pp.* Eden, Fisher
& Co., London, 1891.
This paper, is based on an examination of the Florida
phosphate deposits in 1890.
1891. Wyatt, Francis:
The Phosphates of America,* 187 pages, New York, 1891.
Abst. Eng. Min. Jour., Vol. 53, pp. 202-204, 1892.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OR FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
73
1891. Shrader, Jay:
Hidden Treasures, Bartow, 1891.* Extract included in
The Phosphate Industry of Florida by Carroll D.
Wright, Sixth Special Report of the Commissioner of
Labor, p. 39, 1893.
An account is included in this pamphlet of the discovery
by J. Francis LeBaron of pebble phosphate on Peace
Creek in 1881.
1891. Cox, E. T. :
Floridite: A New Variety of Phosphate of Lime. Am.
Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc., XXXIX, pp. 260-262, 1891.
Read before the Indianapolis meeting, Amer. Assoc, for
the Advancement of Sci., August, 1890.
In this paper Cox advances the theory that the hard
rock phosphate represents ancient guano which has become
mineralized.
1891. Dali, W. H. :
On the Age of the Peace Creek Beds, Florida. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila., Proc. 120, (1-3 p.), 1891; abst. Am. Geol.
VII, 382, 1891.*
1891. Darton, N. H. :
Notes on the Geology of the Florida Phosphate Deposits.
Am. Jour. Sci. (3) XLI, pp. 102-105, February, 1891;
abst. Eng. Min. Jour. LI, p. 210 (1 cols.), 1891.
Guano is regarded by Darton as a probable source of
the rock phosphate. The phosphate of Polk County is
referred to as a conglomerate and is believed to have been
derived from the hard rock phosphates.
1891. Davidson, Walter B. M. :
Suggestions as to the Origin and Deposition of Florida
Phosphate. Eng. Min. Jour. LI, pp. 628-629, 1891.*
Regards the hard rock phosphate boulders as having
been deposited in underground caverns and river beds in
the Vicksburg Limestone.
M FLORIDA state; geological surve;y.
1892. Millar, C. C. Hoyer :
Florida, South Carolina, and Canadian Phosphates. Eden
Fisher and Company, London, 223 pp, 1892.
The description of the Florida deposits is found on
pages 23 to 122 and includes a general account of the land
pebble, river pebble, hard rock, and plate rock deposits.
1892. Cox, E. T. : .
(The Land and River Pebble Phosphate Deposits of Flor¬
ida), Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, Washington meeting
August, 1891.*
In this paper Floridalite is suggested in place of Flor-
idite previously proposed for the Florida hard rock phos¬
phates.
1891. Davidson, Walter B. M. :
A Phosphatic Chalk at Taplow, England. Eng. Min. Jour.
LII, P- 502 (2-3 col.), 1891*
1892. Dali, W. H. and Harris, G. D. :
Correlation Papers: Neocene of North America. U. S.
Geol. Sur. Bull. 84, 1892.
The description of the Florida Phosphate deposits by
Dali is found on pages 134 to 140. The hard rock phos*
phates are regarded as having originated from guano.
1892. Pratt, N. A. :
Florida Phosphates. The Origin of the Boulder Phosphates
of the Withlacoochee River District.* Eng. Min. Jour.
LIII, p. 380, 1892.
In this paper the theory is advanced that the phosphate
boulder is a true fossil, the boulder being the phosphatic
skeleton of a gigantic foraminifera, while the soft phos¬
phate is supposed to be the germ spores or bud of the ani¬
mals, or the comminuted debris of the animals themselves.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OR FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
i 9
1892. Willis, Edward :
Phosphate Rock in Report on Mineral Industries in the
United States at the Eleventh Census, 1890, pp. 681-691,
1892.
The phosphates of Florida are described on pp. 687-
689.
1893. Davidson, Walter B. M. :
Notes on the Geological Origin of Phosphate of Lime in
the United States and Canada. Am. Inst. Min. Eng.
Trans. XXI, pp. 139-157, 1893. Read before the Amer¬
ican Institute of Mining Engineers at the Baltimore
meeting, February, 1892.
The phosphates of Florida are derived from the leach¬
ing of Vicksburg Limestone. The pebble phosphate of
Southern Florida is regarded as secondary deposits, hav¬
ing reached its present location by river action.
1893. EeBaron, J. Francis :
Discussion following paper by Walter B. M. Davidson on
The Geological Origin of Phosphate of Lime in the
United States and Canada. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng.
Baltimore meeting, February, 1892, published 1893.*
This paper has not been seen but contains, according to
Capt. EeBaron (personal letter of May 23, 1911), an
account of the discovery of the pebble phosphate on Peace
Creek in 1881.
1893. Persons, A. A. :
Soils and Fertilizers. Fla. Agri. Exp. Station, Bull. No..
20, pp. 16-17, 1893.
1893. Eldridge, George H. :
A Preliminary Sketch of the Phosphates of Florida. Am.
Inst., Min. Eng. Trans. XXI, pp. 196-231, 1893. Read
before the American Institute of Mining Engineers at
the Baltimore meeting, February, 1892.
The hard rock phosphates are assumed to have origi¬
nated from deposits of guano or from phosphate through¬
out the Vicksburg Limestone.
76
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1893. Shaler, N. S. :
Residual Ablation Deposits. (Contained in paper on “A
Preliminary Sketch of the Phosphates of Florida,” by
Eldridge, George H.) Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans.
XXI, 1893.
Regards the Florida pebble phosphate deposits as
residual ablation deposits which have been moved about
more or less by stream action.
1893. Johnson, Lawrence C. :
Notes on the Geology of Florida : Two of the lesser but
typical Phosphate Fields. Am. Jour. Sci. (3) XLV,
pp. 497-503, 1893.
Describes phosphatic formation of Alachua County, and
the plate rock phosphate of Marion County. Guano is
regarded as the original source of the phosphate rock. The
deposits of guano after removal of their soluble constitu¬
ents became compacted or laminated phosphate rock. The
disintegration of the laminated rock gave rise to the plate
rock of these deposits. Further disintegration gave rise to
the soft phosphates.
1893. Shepard, Charles Upham :
The Development and Extent of the Fertilizer Industry.
Am. Chem. Soc. Journ. XV, No. 6, June, 1893.
Refers briefly to Florida, quoting the total phosphate
produced by years from 1888-1892.
1893. Wright, Carroll D. :
The Phosphate Industry of the United States. Sixth
Special Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Wash¬
ington, D. C., 145 pp, 1893.
Pages 23 to 69 of this report are devoted to the phos¬
phate industry of Florida, including a general account of
the deposits.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 01' FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
77
1896. Cox, E. T. :
The Albion Phosphate District. Am. Inst. Min. Eng.
Trans. XXV, pp. 36-40, 1896.
Describes the plants operating at that time in the
vicinity of Albion, Florida.
1896. Cox, E. T. :
Geological Sketch of Florida. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans.
XXV, pp. 28-36, 1896.
Restates the view previously advanced that the phos¬
phate rock represents mineralized guano.
1896. Wells, G. M. :
The Florida Rock-Phosphate Deposits. Am. Inst. Min.
Eng. Trans. XXV, pp. 163-172, 1896.
This paper contains an account of the mining opera¬
tions that were in progress at that time. The total avail¬
able supply of hard rock phosphate was estimated at
10,000,000 tons.
1896. Carnot, Adolphe :
Sur les Variations observees dans la composition des
apatites, des phosphorites, et des phosphates sediment-
aries. Remarques sur le gisement et le mode de forma¬
tion de ces phosphates.* Ann. Des Mines, X, pp. 137-
231, 1896.*
1896. Codington, E. W. :
The Florida Pebble Phosphates. Am. Inst. Min. Eng.
Trans. XXV, pp. 423-431, 1896.
The pebble phosphate deposits are regarded as having
been derived from the hard rock phosphates.
1896. McCallie, S. W. :
A Preliminary Report on the Phosphates and Marls of
Georgia. Geol. Sur. Georgia, Bull. No. 5-A, 1896.
The phosphates of Florida are briefly described on pp.
25-28.
78
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1896. Dali, W. H. :
(Account of the manner of occurrence of fossil vertebrates
in the Alachua Clays.) (Contained in introduction to
“Fossil Vertebrates from the Alachua Clays,” by Joseph
Leidy.) Wag. Free Inst. Sci. IV, 1896.
This report includes notes on the phosphatic rock as
observed at Archer, Alachua County, 1885.
1900. Parker, Edward W. :
Phosphate Rock in Mineral Resources for 1899, pp. 481-
502, 1901 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1900, pp. 803-
814, 1901.
1902. Struthers, Joseph :
Phosphate Rock in Mineral Resources for 1901, pp. 811-
822, 1902 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1902, pp. 915-
920, 1904.
1904. Brown, Lucius P. :
The Phosphate Deposits of the Southern States. Eng.
Assoc, of the South. Proc., XV, No. 2, pp. 53-128, 1904.
Phosphates of Florida described on pp. 63-86.
1904. Hovey, Edmund Otis :
Phosphate Rock in Mineral Resources for 1903, pp. 1047-
1058, 1904; and in Mineral Resources for 1904, pp.
1053-1064, 1905 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1905,
pp. 1117-1126, 1906.
1905. Jumeau, L. P. :
Le Phosphate de Chaux et les Exploitations aux Etats-
Unis en 1905. Veuve Ch. Dunod, Paris, 198 pages,
1905.
This volume includes an account of the phosphates of
Florida, history of development and methods of mining.
1906. Jumeau, L. P. :
Composition des Gisements de Phosphate de Chaux des
Etats-Unis, Paris, 1906.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OR FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
79
1907. Fuller, Myron L. :
Phosphate Rock in Mineral Resources for 1906, pp. 1079-
1084, 1907.
1907. Jackson, Granberry :
Mechanical Drying of Phosphate Rock. Eng. Assoc, of the
South, Trans. XVIII, pp. 85-106, 1907.
This paper relates chiefly to the drying of Tennessee
phosphate rock and refers to the Florida deposits only
incidentally in connection with the discussion of the use of
finely ground raw phosphates.
1908. Florida State Geological Survey :
The production of phosphate rock in Florida is given in
the report of the Florida State Geological Survey for
1908, and for each succeeding year.
1908. VanHorn, F. B. :
Phosphate Rock in Mineral Resources for 1907, pp. 651-
657, 1908 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1908, pp. 629-
642, 1909 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1909, pp. 655-
659, 1911 ; and in Mineral Resources for 1910, pp. 735-
746, 1911; and in Mineral Resources for 1911, pp. 877-
888, 1912.
1908. Mendenhall, H. D. :
Modern Land-Pebble Phosphate-Mining Plants in Flor¬
ida. Engr. News, Vol. 60, No. 16, pp. 410-414,
October 15, 1908.
1908. Blair, A. W. :
Ground Phosphate Rock as a source of Phosphoric Acid.
Fla. Agri. Exp. Station. Press Bull. No. 77, 1908.
1909. Matson, G. C. and Clapp, F. G. :
A Preliminary Report on the Geology of Florida, with
special reference to- the Stratigraphy. Fla. State Geol.
Survey. Second Annual Report, pp. 21-173, 1909.
This paper contains many references to both the hard
rock and the pebble deposits. The name Bone Valley Beds
is proposed for the pebble phosphate deposits.
80
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1909. Sellards, E. H. :
Production of Phosphate Rock in Florida. Fla. State Hort.
Society, Trans., pp. 138-141, 1909.
1910. Sellards, E. H. :
A Preliminary paper on the Florida Phosphate Deposit.
Fla. State Geol. Survey, Third Annual Report, pp. 17-
41, 1910.
This paper contains a description of the hard rock and
pebble phosphate deposits of Florida.
1910. Memminger, C. G. :
(Phosphate rock in Florida.) The Mineral Industry dur¬
ing 1909, Vol. XVIII, pp. 587-589, 1910. Also in
volume XIX, pp. 539-541, 1911.
1910. Vaughan, T. Wayland:
A Contribution to the Geologic History of the Floridian
Plateau. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publica¬
tion No. 133, pp. 99-185, 1910.
1911. Waggaman, William H. :
A Review of the Phosphate Fields of Florida. U. S.
Dept, of Agriculture Bureau of Soils. Bulletin No.
76, 1911.
This paper includes notes on the occurrence of the
phosphate and on the methods of mining.
1911. Sellards, E. H. :
American Phosphate Deposits in their Relation to National
Agricultural Development. Twelfth Ann. Convention
of Southern States Assoc, of Commissioners of Agri.
Proc., pp. 60-65, 1911. Paper read before the meeting
held at Atlanta, Georgia, November 21-23, 1910.
1911. Collison, S. E. :
The Phosphate Deposits of the United States. The Flor
ida Pennant, Agricultural Number, pp. 37-39, 1911.
1912. Brown, Lucius P. :
The Phosphate Deposits of Continental North America.
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry.
Vol. XXVI, pp. 87-113, 1912. The Florida phosphates
are discussed on pages 95-101.
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
E. H. SELLARDS.
No detailed topographic map of Florida having been made,
the elevations given in the following list are necessarily taken
from various sources, some of which are based on precise levels,
while others represent approximate levels. The principal sources
from which the data has been obtained include levels made by the
United States Geological Survey, the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, the United States Army Engineers, the
Engineers of the Florida State Drainage Commission, and surveys
made in connection with the location of the various railroads in
the State.
The elevations from the railroad surveys are either taken
direct from the profiles, or are listed as given in the Dictionary of
Altitudes, Bulletin 274, United States Geological Survey. The
precise levels which have been made by the United States
Geological Survey and the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey in Florida are obtained from Bulletin 516 of the United
States Geological Survey. The levels made by the United States
Army Engineers in Florida are obtained from Preliminary
Survey for a Ship Canal from the St. Marys River to the Gulf
of Mexico, made in 1879 ; Survey of the St. Johns River to
Charlotte Harbor, by way of Lake Tohopekaliga, for purpose of
steamboat communication, Appendix J, Annual Report of Chief
of Engineers, 1882 ; Survey of the Kissimmee River, Florida,
and connecting lakes and canals flowing into Lake Okeechobee,
thence down the Caloosahatchee River to the Gulf of Mexico,
1899 ; and Survey of the St. Johns River, above Lake Monroe,
1903. The levels by the State Drainage Commission are from a
map of the Everglades drainage district issued in 1913.
In each instance the authority for the elevation is given fol¬
lowing the name of the locality. For this purpose abbrevations
are used as follows: U. S. G. S. (United States Geological
Survey) ; U. S. C. & G. S. (United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey) ; U. S. Army Engrs. (United States Army Engineers) ;
82
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY.
Fla. State Engrs. (Engineers of the Florida State Drainage
Commission) ; A. N. R. R. (Apalachicola Northern Railroad) ;
A. C. L- R. R. (Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) ; C. H. & N. Ry.
(Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway) ; F. E. C. Ry. (Flor¬
ida East Coast Railway) ; G. F. & A. Ry. (Georgia, Florida and
Alabama Railway) ; G. S. & F. Ry. (Georgia Southern and
Florida Railway) ; L. & N. R. R. (Louisville and Nashville Rail¬
road ; S. A. L. Ry. (Seaboard Air Line Railway) ; F. Ry. (Flor¬
ida Railway) ; Fellsmere R. R. (Fellsmere Railroad). The eleva¬
tion given for the towns, unless otherwise stated, is that of the
depot of the railroad cited as authority.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP.
In addition to the list of elevations, there is included in this
report a topographic map of the State. The topography on this
map is taken from a map previously issued by the Survey in
cooperation with the United States Geological Survey and
included in the Second Annual Report of the State Survey, 1909.
The original map, which showed both geology and topography,
was made by Geo. C. Matson, F. G. Clapp, and Samuel Sanford,
under the direction of T. Wayland Vaughan, and formed a part
of a report on the geology of Florida prepared by the United
States Geological Survey, in co-operation with the Florida State
Geological Survey. The base map, however, has been redrawn and
revised by the addition of new railroads and new counties. The
scale has been reduced one-half linear and much of the detail of
the base map omitted. To this base there has been added the
outline of the hard rock and land pebble phosphate formations,
and the areas of artesian flow in the State.
EXPLANATION OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP.
The topography is shown by means of contours. These are
lines so placed as to pass through points all of which have the
same altitude. On this map the contour lines are printed in
brown and are placed at 50 foot intervals of elevation. Each
contour represents a definite level above sea and is so marked.
The coast line itself may be regarded as the zero contour. In
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
83
passing from the coast to the interior of the State there is
crossed successively the 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 foot contours,
and finally in such limited localities as reach that elevation, the
300 foot contour. As a rule the rise in elevation in Florida is so
gradual that the 50 foot contour lies some miles from the coast.
On the other hand, where the rise in elevation is rapid, as near
Pensacola, in West Forida, the 50 foot contour approaches and
may almost touch the coast line.
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF FLORIDA.
Referring to the topography of the State as. a whole, it will be
noted that a belt of country lying below the 50 foot contour line
borders the Atlantic and the Gulf coasts. This belt varies in
width and bends inland following the river valleys. In Southern
Florida this belt of country lying below the 50 foot contour
widens out to include Brevard, St. Lucie, Palm Beach, Dade,
Monroe and Lee Counties, and the southern part of DeSoto and
Manatee Counties. In peninsular Florida elevations of from 150
to 250 feet are found in Suwannee, Columbia, Baker, Bradford,
Clay, Alachua, Marion, Citrus, Hernando, Lake, Polk and De-
Soto Counties. In West Florida the elevation rises rather rapidly
from the coast to from 200 to 250 feet above sea. The contours,
therefore, fall close together, indicating a rolling or hilly country.
At Mount Pleasant and at Hardaway, in Gadsden County, the
elevation exceeds 300 feet, this being the highest recorded eleva¬
tion in the State.
The fact that much of the data available in regard to eleva¬
tions is approximate should be borne in mind in using the topo¬
graphic map. Moreover, on a general map, such as this, it is
often impossible to show minor elevations and depressions. It is
to be hoped that subsequently a detailed topographic survey may
be made of the State, and topographic maps issued based on
precise levels. These detailed maps should be made on a scale
of one inch to the mile, with contours placed at ten foot intervals
of elevation. This general map, with contours at 50 foot intervals
of elevation will, however, serve many useful purposes until more
detailed maps are made.
84
Florida state geological survey.
LIST OF ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
LOCALITY.
Abbott .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
S. A. T. Rv . 110
U. S. G. S .
. 70
Alachua, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. 60
Albion, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. 81
Albion, square' cut on foundation
of chimney of
frame building, north of station...
U. S. C. & G. S.
. 89
Alligator Lake, Osceola Countv..
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 ..
. 71
Altamonte Springs .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 101
Ankona . .
F. E. C. Ry .
. 33
Anthony . . .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 77
Ai jalachicola .
A. N. R. R .
5
Apopka . .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 150
Arcadia . . .
A. C. L. R. R. ..
. 56
Archer, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. 80
Archer, copper bolt in chimney of C.
W. Bank-
night’s house . . ....
U. S. C. & G. S..
. 85
Argyle .
L. & N. R. R...
. 254
Armour .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 70
Arran .
G. F. & A. Ry..
. 122
Arredondo, S, A, L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. 89
Arredondo, square cut in stone
post
in D. G.
Harvard’s orchard .
U. S. C. & G. S..
. 89
Ashmore .
G. F. & A. Ry. .
. 124
Astor .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 15
Atlantic .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 125
Atlantic Beach . . .
F. E. C. Ry.....
. 14
Auburndale .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 167
Aucilla .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 86
Aurantia .
F. E. C. Ry .
. 28
Avoca . . .
G. S. & F Ry..
. 120
Bakers Mill . . . .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 137
Baldwin .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 83
Baldwin .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 86
Barberville .
A. C. L. 3J. R. . .
. 44
Barnett .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 135
Bartow .
A. C. L. R. R...
. 115
Baxter .
1
G. S. & F. Ry..
. 118
Baywood . .
G. S. & F.,Ry..
. 148
Bellair .
A. C. L. R/R...
. 49
Belleview .
S. A. L. Ry .
. 87
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
85
LOCALITY.
Beverly . .
Black Creek .
Black Point . . .
Black Sink Prairie . . .
Blanton . .
Bluff Springs . .
Boardman, A. C. L. depot .
Bocaraton . .
Boden’s . . . . .
Bohemia . . .
Bonifay . . . . . .
Bostwick, 150 feet west of depot. . .
Boulogne . . . . .
Bowes . . .
Bowling Green . . . . .
Brandon .
Branford .
Braswell .
Bronson, S. A. L. depot .
Bronson, copper bolt in chimney of Mrs. L. E.
Taylor’s house . .
Brooklyn . .
Brooksville .
Buena Vista, stone post near F. E. C. Ry. station.
Buffalo Bluff, railroad crossing .
Burnett’s Lake .
Bushnell .
Cadillac . .
Caledonia . .
Callahan . : .
Calvenia .
Cambon . .
Campbell .
Campton .
Candler .
Cantonment . . . .
Caryville . .
Carraway .
Causey .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
A.
N
. R
.. R .
. . 10
A.
C.
L.
R.
R...
. . 18
F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 11
U.
S.
G.
s.
.. 60
A.
C.
L.
R.
R...
. . 105
L.
&
N.
R.
R...
.. 90
U.
s.
G.
S.
. . 73
F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 15
U.
S.
Army
Engrs.
, 1903 ..
. . 14
L.
&
N-
R.
R...
. . 16
L.
&
N.
R.
R...
. . 120
U.
s.
G.
S.
. . 34
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 70
L.
&
N.
R.
R. ..
.: . 128
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 116
S.
A.
L.
Ry
. . 74
A.
C.
L.
R.
R...
. . 43
S.
A.
L.
Ry
. . 192
u.
s.
G.
S.
. . 68
u.
s.
C. «
& G
r. S..
. . 72
G.
s.
&
F.
Ry..
. . 157
A.
c.
L.
R.
R. ..
. . 126
U.
s.
C. .
& G
r. S..
. . 15
u.
s.
G.
S.
. . 16
s.
A.
L.
Ry
. . 69
s.
A.
L.
Ry
. . 75
A.
C.
L.
R.
R...
. . 89
L.
&.
N.
R.
R...
. . 192
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 20
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 45
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 63
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
.. 75
L.
&
N.
R.
R...
. . 172
A.
c.
L.
R.
R...
. . 108
L.
&
N.
R.
R...
. . 180
L.
&
N.
R.
R...
. . 72
G.
s.
& 1
F Ry...
. . 110
A.
N.
R
. R
. . 113
86
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Elevation
LOCALITY. AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet) .
Cedar Keys, bench mark at southeast corner of
new concrete store, built in 1877 by Thomas
Barnes .
. U.
S.
C. & G. S...
. . 12
Center Hill .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
. . 91
Center Park .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 40
Chaffin .
. E.
&
N.
R. R...
. . 102
Chaires .
. s.
A.
L.
Ry .
. . 60
Champaign .
. S.
A.
E.
Ry .
. . 124
Chatmar .
. A.
C.
L.
R. R...
. . 49
Chubb .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R. ..
. . 165
Chipco .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
. . 104
Chipley .' .
. . L.
&
N.
R. R...
. . 113-
Citra .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R. ..
. . 61
Citronelle, A. C. E. depot .
. U.
s.
G.
S . ;
. . 26
City Point .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 38-
Clarcona .
. A.
C.
L.
R. R...
. . 93
Clayno, northwest corner of house,
100 southwest
of railroad crossing .
. U.
S.
G.
S .
. . 153
Clearwater .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
. . 29-
Clermont .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
. . 105
Cleveland .
. A.
c.
L-
R. R...
3
Cocoa .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 25
Cocoanut Grove .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 12:
Cook’s Ferry .
. U.
S.
Army
Engrs.,
, 1903 ..
. . 14
Colegrove .
. A.
c.
L.
Ry .
. . 125
Coline .
. :. A.
N.
, R
. R .
. . 26.
Collins .
. A.
N.
. R
. R .
. . 158
Conant .
. . . A.
C.
L.
R. R. ..
. . 93
Cone . .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
.. 125
Coquina .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 17
Cottondale .
. . E.
&
N.
R. R...
. . 142
Cowan . .
. L.
&
N.
R. R...
. . 173
Cow Creek, Volusia County .
. F.
E.
C.
Ry .
. . 21
Cow Creek, Levy County .
. A.
C.
L.
R. R...
. . 30
Crawford .
. G.
S.
& :
F. Ry...
. . 85
Crestview .
. L.
&
N.
R. R...
. . 175.
Criglar .
. A.
N.
. R
. R .
. . 54
Crooked Lake’, Polk County .
. U.
S.
Army
Engrs.:
, 1882 ..
.. 132
Croom .
. A.
c.
L.
R. R...
. . 58
Cross Bayou .
. A.
c.
E.
R. R...
. . 10*
ELEVATIONS IN ELORIDA.
8?
Elevation
LOCALITY. AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
Crown Point .
A. C. L. R. R...
. . 109
Crystal River, A. C. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
4
Cummer .
A. C. L. R. R...
. . 136
Cypress .
L. & N. R. R...
. . 146
Cyril, 150 feet north of station at railroad
cross-
ing .
U. S. G. S .
. . 158
Dade City .
A. C. L. R. R. ..
. . 89
Dade City .
S. A. L. Ry .
. . 106
Dania . .
F. E. C. Ry .
. . 11
Deerhunt .
A. N. R. R .
. . 82
Deerland .
E. & N. R. R. ..
. . 239
DeFuniak Springs .
E. & N. R. R...
. . 256
DeEand Junction .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 27
Delray .
F. E. C. Ry .
. . 16
Dinsmore .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 26
Drake .
S. A. L. Ry .
. . 139
Drifton . .
S. A. E. Rv .
. . 133
Duke .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 154
Dunedin .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 13
Dunnellon, A. C. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. . 49
Dutton .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 71
Dyal .
A. C. E. R. R...
. . 46
Eagle Island .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 . .
. . 63
Early Bird .
S. A. L. Ry .
. . 85
East Aurantia . .
F. E. C. Ry .
6
East Palatka, square cut on marble’ post in
J. E.
Gould’s grounds . .
U. S. C. & G. S...
. . 17
Eau Gallie . . .
F. E. C. Ry .
. . 18
Eddy .
G. S. & F. Ry...,
. . 128
Eddv, Gadsden County .
A. N. R. R .
. . .200
Eden .
F. E. C. Ry .
. . 26
Ehren .
A. C. E. R. R. ...
. . 90
Ellaville .
S. A. E. Ry .
. . 64
Ellaville . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1879
. 69
Ellerslie . . .
A C E R R
118
Ellzey, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. 26
Ellzey, square cut on stone post in yard of house
occupied by J. A. Williams .
U. S. C. & G. S...
. 25
Enterprise' . F. E. C. Ry . 26
88
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Elevation
LOCALITY. AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
Enterprise . . . U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 17
Enterprise Junction .
Escambia .
Eustis . . . .
Everglades, near border of Lake Okeechobee .
Evinston, A. C. L. depot . .
Fairbanks, 450 feet north of station. . . . . .
Fair Grounds .
Falco .
Falmouth . . . . . .
Fellsmere . . . .
Fellowship . .
Fernandina . .................
Flatford . . .
Florahome, 0.2 mile east of, at railroad crossing..
Floral City .
Forest City .
Fort Drum Ridge . .
Fort Gadsden .
Fort Lauderdale .
Fort Mason .
Fort Meade .
Fort Ogden .
Fort Pierce .
Fort Vinton Island .
Fort White . . .
Francis .
Francis, square cut on stone post in yard of R. D.
Howell’s house . .
Franklin .
Fruitland Park . .
Fulford .
Gabriella . . .
Gainesville .
Gainesville . . . . .
Gainesville, crossing, S. A. L .
Gainesville, square' cut on marble post in court¬
house grounds . . .
Gainesville, square cut on step at west entrance
to court house .
A. C. L. R. R . 26
L. & N. R. R . 14
A. C. L. R. R . 61
Fla. State Engrs.. 21
U. S. G. S . 67
U. S. G. S . 163
L. & N. R. R . 129
L. & N. R. R . 235
S. A. L. Ry . 90
Fellsmere R. R... 27
U. S. G. S........ 180
S. A. L. Ry . 10
A. C. L. R. R . 78
U. S. G. S . 113
A. C. L. R. R . 57
A. C. L. R. R . 92
U. ,S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 67
A. N. R. R . 20
F. E. C. Ry . 7
A. C. L. R. R . 66
A. C. L. R. R . 130
A. C. L. R. R . 37
F. E. C. Ry . 16
U. S. Army Engrs. 26
A. C. L. R. R . 63
A. C. L. R. R . 73
U. S. C. & G. S.... 69
A. N. R. R . 8
A. C. L. R. R . 113
F. E. C. Ry . 13
S. A. L. Ry . 80
S. A. L. Ry . 147
A. C. L. R. R . 185
A. C. L. R. R . 144
U. S. C.&G. S.... 177
U. S. C. & G. S _ 179
ELEVATIONS IN ELORIDA.
89
Elevation
LOCALITY. AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
Gainesville, B. M., on door sill, leading to second
story of Barnett block .
U. S. C. & G. S _
177
Genoa . .
G. S. & F. Ry.....
146
Getzens . . . . . .
S. A. E. Ry .
125
Gifford . . .
F. E. C. Ry .
17
Glencoe .
F. E. C. Ry .
23
Glen Ethel .
A. C. E. R. R .
71
Glen St. Mary .
S. A. E. Ry .
134
Gonzales .
L. & N. R. R .
170
Good Range .
E. & N. R. R .
164
Gordon .
E. & N. R. R .
227
Graham, southeast corner of station .
U. S. G. S... .
143
Granada .
A. C. E. R. R .
51
Grand Crossing .
A. C. E. R. R .
27
Grandin, 200 feet north of railroad station,
at
northeast corner of store .
U. S. G. S .
101
Green Cove Springs .
A. C. E. R. R .
28
Greensboro .
A. N. R. R .
280
Greens Crossing .
E. & N. R. R .
223
Greenville .
S. A. E. Ry .
106
Gretna .
S. A. E. Ry .
294
Grove Park .
A. C. E. R. R .
100
Grove Park, square cut in stone post in lot of M.
S. Spray, opposite station .
U. S. C. &G. S....
101
Guilford .
G. S. & F. Ry. . . .
146
Gulf Hammock .
A. C. L. R. R .
33
Gulf Junction .
A. C. E. R. R .
67
Hagen .
G. S. & F. Ry .
158
Hague .
A. C. E. R. R .
174
Haines City .
A. C. E. R. R .
157
Hainesworth .
A. C. E. R. R .
173
Hainesworth .
S. A. E. Ry .
142
Half Moon .
A. C. E. R. R .
54
Hallandale .
F. E. C. Ry .
10
Hammock Ridge, S. A. E. depot .
U. S. G. S .
78
Hampton, 150 feet east of, northeast corner
of
station .
U. S. G. S .
148
Hardaway .
A. N. R. R .
303
Haskell . . .
A. C. E. R. R .
116
Hastings, marble post in T. H. Hasting’s grounds,
near veranda . .
U. S. G. S .
8
90
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LOCALITY.
Hawthorne, copper bolt in chimney of W. T.
Broswell’s house, east of railroad station....
Hayes .
Heidtville .
Hernando .
Highland .
High Springs .
Hilliard .
Hilliardville . '. .
Hillsboro .
Hillsboro River, crossing S. A. L. Ry .
Hodges . .
Hollister, square cut on stone post in yard of
T. W. Ralp’s house .
Holt .
Homeland .
Homestead .
Homosassa, A. C. L. depot .
Hosford (old depot) .
Houston .
Hoyt . .
Huntington . .
Interlachen, B. M., on stone post in triangular in¬
closure near station .
Inverness .
Island Grove .
Isabel Lake .
Island Lake .
Istachatta .
Jacksonville . . .
Jasper .
Jennings . .
Jensen .
Johnson .
Johnson Pond .
Juliette, A. C. L. depot .
Juniper .
Kanapaha, S. A. L. depot .
Kathleen . .
Kendrick, A. C. L. depot .
Kent .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
U. S. C. & G. S.... 145
A. C. L. R. R . 73
U. S. G. S . 61
A. C. L. R. R . 50
S. A. L. Ry . 210
A. C. L. R. R _ _ 75
A. C. L. R. R . 66
G. F. & A. Ry . 142
A. C. L. R. R. . . . . 35
S. A. L. Ry . 45
S. A. L. Ry . 71
U. S. C. & G. S. ... 80
L. & N. R. R . 212
A. C. L. R. R . 139
F. E. C. Ry . 9
U. S. G. S . 5
A. N. R. R . 78
S. A. L. Ry . 173
G. S. & F. Ry. ... 12
A. C. L. R. R . 56
U. S. C. & G. $.... 105
A. C. L. R. R. _ 38
S. A. L. Ry . 69
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 71
A. C. L. R. R . 54
A. C. L. R. R . 52
A. C. L. R. R . 8
A. C. L. R. R . 152
G S. & F. Ry..... 150
F. E. C. Ry . 19
A. C. L. R. R . 100
U. S. G. S . 60
U. S. G. S . 56
A. N. R. R . 254
U. S. G. S . 87
A. C. L. R. R . 133
U. S. G. S . 82
G. S. & F. Ry . 70
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
91
LOCALITY.
Keuka . . . .
Keystone Park .
Killarney .
Kingsford. .
Kingsgrove .
Kingsley Lake, north end of, intersection of
Lawtey-Green Cove Springs and Starke-Green
Cove Springs roads .
Kingsley Lake, 2.6 miles northwest of tram and
road crossing .
Kissimmee .
Kissimmee River at Bassenger landing .
Kissimmee River at Ft. Kissimmee landing .
Knights .
Komoka .
Lacoochee . . .
LaCrosse .
Lady Lake .
Lagrange .
Lake Buffum, Polk County .
Lake Butler .
Lake Charm .
Lake City .
Lake City . ' .
Lake City . . . . .
Lake City .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
A. C. L. R. R . 101
A. C. L. R. R . 32
A. C. L. R. R . 119
A. C. L. R. R . 105
G. S. & F. Ry . 19
U. S. G. S . 211
U. S. G. S . 238
A. C. L. R. R . 63
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1902 _ 35
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1902 - 51
S. A. L. Ry . 117
A. C. L. R. R . 86
A. C. L. R. R . 72
S. A. L. Ry . 124
A. C. L. R. R . 77
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 26
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 138
G. S. & F. Ry . 138
S. A. L. Ry . 60
A. C. L. R. R . 201
G. S. & F. Ry . 192
S. A. L. Ry . -. 200
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1S79 _ 203
Lake City Junction .
Lake Clement .
Lake Geneva, 200 feet south of railroad station,
northeast corner of Baldwin & Kennedy’s
store . .
Lake Harney, Orange County. .
Lake Plelen .
Lake Helen Blazes .
A. C. L. R. R . 51
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 9
U. S. G. S . 130
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 5
F. E. C. Ry . 70
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 16
92
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Elevation
LOCALITY. AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet) .
Lake Istokpoga . . . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1902 ....
49
Lake Jessup, Orange County. . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _
4
Lake Kissimmee .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _
59
Lakeland .
A. C. L. R. R .
206
Lake Lenore .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 ....
92
Lake Livingston, Polk County . . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 ....
91
Lake Lorhloo'sa water level of. .
S. A. L. Ry .
55
Lake Mary . . .
A. C. L. R. R .
66
Lake Monroe, Volusia County .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903
4
Lake Okeechobee .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1902 ....
20
Lake Poinsett, Brevard County . . . . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 ....
15
Lakeville . . . .
A. C. L. R. R .
84
Lake Tohopekaliga, Osceola Countv .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _
64
Lake Washington, water surface, Brevard County.
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 ....
16
Lake Winder, Brevard Countyy . .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 ....
19
Lake Winder, Brevard Countyy .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 ....
15
Lane Park .
A. C. L. R. R .
61
Lantana . . .
F. E. C. Ry .
7
Largo .
A. C. L. R. R .
50
Larkin . . .
F. E/C. Ry .
12
Laurel Hill . .
L. & N. R. R .
235
LaVilla Junction .
A. C. L. R. R .
19
Lawtey .
S. A. L. Ry. ..... .
140
Ledwith Lake .
U. S. G. S .
66
Lees . . . .
S. A. L. Ry .
96
Leesburg . . .
A. C. L. R. R .
85
Leesburg, crossing S. A. L. Ry .
A. C. l. R. R .
76
Leesburg . . . .
S. A. L- Ry .
72
Leitner, A. C. L. depot . . . . . . .
U. S. G. S. .
73
ELEVATIONS IN ELORIDA.
93
Elevation
LOCALITY AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet) .
Lemon Bluff . . U. S. Army
Engrs.,
1903
15
Lemon City .
F.
E.
c.
Ry .
18
Lenard . . .
A.
C.
L.
R. R .
115
Leroy, A. C. L. depot .
U.
S.
G.
S .
85
Leroy Lake . . . . .
u.
s.
G.
S .
63
Lexington .
A.
c.
L.
Ry .
69
Liberty . . .
A.
N.
R.
, R .
94
Linden . . . .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
90
Little Lake Tohopekaliga . .
U.
s.
Army
Engs.,
1882 ....
71
Little Wekiva River, Levy County . . .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
28
Live Oak, union station .
A.
c.
VL.
R. R .
108
Live Oak, crossing S. A. L .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
107
Live Oak .
L.
0.
P.
& G. Ry.
110
Live Oak .
U.
s.
Army
Engrs.,
1879
110
Llovd .
S.
A.
L.
Ry .
85
Lochapopka Lake . . . .
U.
S.
Army
Engrs.,
1882 . . . .
117
Lochloosa, S. A. L. depot .
U.
s.
G.
s....':...
60
Lochloosa, 200 feet southeast of station, between
main public road south and railroad .
U.
s.
G.
s .
65
Long Bluff . . .
u.
s.
Army
Engrs.,
1903
19
Longwood .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
80
Lowell, A. C. L. depot .
U.
s.
G.
s .
95
Louisa, iron post 50 feet southwest of station .
U.
s.
G.
s .
151
Lyrata .
F.
E.
C.
Ry .
6
McAlpin .
A.
C.
L.
R. R .
103
Macclenny . . .
S.
A.
L.
Ry .
134
McDavid . . . .
L.
&
N.
R. R .
74
McIntosh, A. C. L. depot .
U.
S.
G.
S .
73
McMeekin, at railroad crossing .
U.
S.
G.
S .
107
McMeekin, stone post in inclosure west of station.
u.
s.
G.
s .
120
McPherson .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
184
Madison .
S.
A.
L.
Ry .
133
Maitland .
A.
c.
L.
R. R .
91
Malabar .
F.
E.
C.
Rv .
28
Manning’s Mill .
L.
&
N.
R. R .
207
Mannville . -. . .
A.
C.
L.
R. R .
89
Marianna .
L.
&
N.
R. R.....
89
94
FLORIDA state; geological survey.
LOCALITY.
Marietta . .
Marion .
Marshall’s .
Martel, A. C. L. depot .
Martin, A. C. L. depot . .. . .
Mascotte .
Mattox .
Maxville .
Mayo .
Mayport .
Maytown .
Media .
Melbourne .
Melrose, 0.3 mile east of postoffice, southwest
corner of cross roads .
Melrose, southwest corner of town hall, 200 feet
north of postoffice .
Mexico .
Miami .
Micanopy .
Micanopy Junction, in front of station .
Micco . . .
Middleton, stone post in P. We'edman’s grounds..
Midway .
Millard, S. A. L. depot .
Millerton .
Millman .
Millwood, A. C. L. depot .
Milton .
Minneola . . .
Mohawk . . .
Molino .
Moncrief Spring .
Monroe . . .
Montbrook . . .
Monticello .
Morriston .
Mossy Head .
Mount Carrie .
Mount Pleasani . . . .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
S. A. L. Ry . 63
A. C. E. R. R . 159
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 15
U. S. G. S . 79
U. S. G. S . 81
A. C. E. R. R . 115
S. A. E. Ry . 87
S. A. b. Ry . 93
F. Ry . 69
F. E. C. Ry . 10
F. E. C. Ry . 22
F. Ry . 68
F. E. C. Ry . 21
U. S. G. S . 154
U. S. G. S . 162
A. C. L. R. R . 50
F. E. C. Ry . 15
A. C. L. R. R . 100
U. S. G. S . 72
F. E. C. Ry . 23
U. S. C. &G. S.... 34
S. A. L. Ry . . 201
U. S.‘ G. S . 94
S. A. L. Ry . 89
A. N. R. R . 186
U. S. G. S . 86
b. & N. R. R . 15
A. C. E. R. R . 109
A. C. L. R. R . 130
L. & N. R. R . 58
A. C. L. R. R . 14
A. C. L. R. R . 20
S. A. E. Ry . •. . 82
A. C. L. R. R . 202
A. C. L. R. R . 68
L. & N. R. R . 274
S. A. L. Ry . 197
S. A. L. Ry . 301
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
95
Elevation
LOCALITY AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet) .
Mouth of Bow Begs Creek . U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 73
Mouth of Cow Creek . . . .. U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 20
Mule Creek, Levy County . .
Mullet Lake .
Mulberry Mound .
Narcoossee .
Newberry .
Newburg .
New River, 200 feet south, southeast corner of
railroad station .
New Smyrna .
Nocatee . . .
Oakland .
Oak Lawn, A. C. L. depot .
O’Brien . .
Ocala, A. C. L. depot .
Ocala, S. A. L. depot .
Ocklawaha .
Ocklocknee .
Odessa .
Ogden .
Okahumpka .
Okeechobee Lake .
Olustee .
Olustee . .
Orange City .
Orange City, crossing A. C. L .
Orange Heights . . . .
Orange City Junction . .
Orange Lake, A. C. L. depot .
Orange Lake, water level of .
Orange Park .
Orange Springs, 200 feet east of postoffice in in¬
closure, northwest corner of road crossing,
iron post .
A. C. L. R. R . 29
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 .... 5
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 .... 26
A. C. L. R. R . 72
A. C. L. R. R . 72
G. S. & F. Ry . 155
u: S. G. S . 145
F. E. C. Ry . 10
A. C. L. R. R . 38
A. C. L. R. R . 119
U. S. G. S . 79
A. C. L. R. R . 58
U. S. G. S . 99
U. S. G. S . 68
A. C. L. R. R . 66
S. A. L. Ry . 133
A. C. L. R. R . 57
S. A. L. Ry . 114
A. C. L. R. R . 95
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 20
S. A. L. Ry . 165
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1879 _ 169
F. E. C. Ry . 43
F. E. C. Ry . 38
S. A. L. Ry . 130
A. C. L. R. R . 39
U. S. G. S . 88
S. A. L. Ry . 54
A. C. L. R. R..... 23
U. S. G. S . 63
96
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LOCALITY.
Orange Springs Ferry, water surface of Oklawa-
ha River, March 13, 1911 .
Orlando .
Osceola .
Osteen .
Otter Creek, S. A. L. depot .
Otter Creek, copper bolt in chimney of two-story
frame house . .
Owensboro .
Ozona . .
Pablo Beach . . .
Padlock . .
Palatka, union station, southeast corner of train
shed . . . .
Palatka, square cut on granite door sill on west
side of A. C. L. offices . .
Palmer, S. A. L. depot .
Palmer, square cut on chimney foundation of small
house north of track and little west of rail¬
road station, 2 feet above ground .
Palm Springs .
Panasoffkee . .
Panasoffke'e Lake . .
Paola . . . .
Paradise . .
Park Place, A. C. L. depot .
Pasco . . .
Paynes Prairie, water level in sink at low stage. .
Peace Creek, at mouth of Big Charley Apopka..
Pebble . . .
Penial, railroad crossing at station .
Pensacola .
Perkins Crossing .
Perrine .
Perry .
Persimmon Bluff .
Phosphoria Junction .
Pierson .
Pine Barren .
Pine Crest .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
U. S. G. S . 13
A. C. L. R. R . ill
S. A. L. Ry . 50
F. E. C. Ry . 48
U. S. G. S . 29
U. S. C. &G. S.... 32
A. C. L. R. R . 76
A. C. L. R. R . 5
F. E. C. Ry . 13
A. C. L. R. R . 124
U. S. G. S . 24
U. S. C. & G. S.... IS
U. S. G. S . 72
U. S. C. &G. S.... 76
A. C. L. R. R . 61
S. A. L. Ry . 58
U. S. G. S . 40
A. C. L. R. R . 79
A. C. L. R. R . 192
U. S. G. S . 6
A. C. L. R. R . no
U. S. G. S . 58
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 17
A. C. L. R. R . 136
U. S. G. S . 25
L. & N. R. R . 39
L. & N. R. R . 242
F. E. C. Ry . 12
F. Ry . 30
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 _ 17
A. C. L.. R. R . 123
A. C. L. R. R . 78
L.& N. R. R . 57
A. C. L. R. R . 82
ELEVATIONS IN ELORIDA.
97
LOCALITY.
Pine Island . .
Pine Orchard .
Pineway .
Plant City . .
Plant City . .
Plummer . . .
Pomona, 300 feet north of station, in southwest
angle of railroad crossing, iron post .
Pompano .
Ponce de Leon .
Port Tampa . •
Possum Bluff .
Prospect .
Punta Gorda .
Putnam Hall, 50 feet north of railroad station,
iron post .
Puzzle Lake . . .
Quincy . . \ .
Quintette . .
Raiford .
Ramage Place, A. C. L. depot .
Raulerson’s . . .
Reddick, A. C. L. depot .
Rice Creek, at railroad crossing, opposite station.
Richland .
Riley . . .
Riveria .
River Junction . . .
River Junction .
River Junction .
Riverland .
Rochelle, A. C. L. depot .
Rochelle, copper bolt in chimney of frame house,
owned by S. S. Phifer . . . .
Rock Island .
Rockledge Junction .
Rock Springs, A. C. L. depot .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
s.
A.
L.
Ry...
. . . . 119
L.
&
N.
R. R.
. . . . 165
L.
&
N.
R. R.
.... 223
A.
C.
L.
R. R.
. . . . 13T
s.
A.
L.
Ry...
.... 125
G.
S.
& 1
F. Ry.
.... 21
U.
s.
G.
S....
.... 63
F.
E.
C.
Ry...
.... 18
L.
&
N.
R. R.
*70
.... 40
A.
C.
L.
R. R.
.... 6
U.
s.
Army
En^
?rs.,
, 1903
.... 21
A.
c.
L.
R. R.
.... 143
A.
c.
L.
R. R.
o
u.
s.
G.
S....
. . . . 106
U.
s.
Army
Engrs.,
, 1903
. . . . 6
S.
A.
L.
Ry...
.... 251
L.
&
N.
R. R.
.... 120
A.
c.
L.
R. R.
.... 127
U.
s.
G.
S....
. . . . 109
u.
s.
Army
Engrs.,
, 1903
...... 15
U.
s.
G.
s....
. . . . 92
U.
s.
G.
s....
.... 10
A.
c.
L.
R. R.
.... 97
A.
c.
L.
R. R.
.... 73
F.
E.
C.
Ry...
. . . . 16
L.
&
N.
R. R.
_ 84
S.
A.
L.
Ry...
.... 82
A.
N.
R.
. R...
.... 76
A.
C.
L.
R. R.
. . . . 76
U.
s.
G.
S....
. . . . 80
u.
s.
C. & G. S
. . . . 83
u.
s.
An
my
Engrs.,
1903
. . . . 12
F.
E.
C.
Ry...
. ... 35
U.
S.
G.
S....
. . . . 75
98
FLORIDA STATE; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Elevation
LOCALITY.
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
Rodman, cross in west concrete foundation for
iron gate post, southeast corner of park .
U. S. G. S .
(feet).
... 28
Romeo, A. C. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. . . . 42
Roseland .
F. E. C. Ry. . . .
. . . . 16
Rosewood, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. . . . 16
Rosewood, square cut on stone post near post-
office' .
U. S. C. & G. S.
... 14
Roy, iron post in southeast corner of A. E.
Campbell’s yard .
U. S. G. S .
, . . . 23
Runnymede .
A. C. L. R. R..
. . . . 72
Saint Augustine, B. M. on coping of sea wall at
entrance to basin, opposite plaza .
U. S. C. & G. S.
7
Saint Augustine, square cut on marble post mark-
ing southeast corner of U. S. Reservation...
U. S. C. & G. S.
, . . . 8
Saint Augustine, square cut on coping near center
of sea wall, south of south side of basin,
opposite piazza .
U. S. C. & G. S.
, . . . 7
Saint Catherine .
A. C. L. R. R..
, . . . 66
Saint Cloud .
A. C. L. R. R..
. 63
Saint Leo . . .
A. C. L. R. R..
, . . . 140
Saint Lucie .
F. E. C. Ry....
8
Saint Marks . . .
S. A. L. Ry....
8
Saint Petersburg .
A. C. L. R. R..
. . . . 20
Salt Lake .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 .
7
Salt Lake Run .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 .
7
Sampson City .
G. S. & F. Ry..
. ... 146
San Antonio .
A. C. L. R. R.
. ... 165
Sanderson . .*.
S. A. L. Rv....
Sanderson .
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1879 .
. . . . 162
Sanford .
A. C. L. R. R.
. . . . 20
Sanford . „. ..
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1903 ,
. . . . 6
Santa Fe .
A. C. L. R. R.
. . . . 45
Santos, S. A. L. depot .
U. S. G. S .
. . . . 69
Satsuma, iron post 150 feet west of station, in
southwest corner of yard .
U. S. G. S .
. . . . 79
Saxton, iron post 400 feet north of railroad cross¬
ing, 30 feet west of Seaboard Air Line Rail¬
way track .
U. S. G. S .
. ... 165
ELEVATIONS IN ELORIDA.
99
LOCALITY.
AUTHORITY. Above
Sea
(feet).
Schells Bluff, 1 mile northwest of, in northwest
angle of road forks to southwest, nail in root
of pine tree . . .
U.
S.
G. S .
10
Sebastian .
F.
E.
C. Ry .
19
Sedalia . . • •
A.
N.
, R. R .
218
Seffner .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
74
Sellman . . .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
45
Seville .
A.
c
. L. R. R..
53
Silver Springs, S. A. *L. depot .
U.
s.
G. S .
47
Silver Springs Junction, S. A. L. depot .
U.
s.
G. S .
05
Simpson branch .
L.
&
N. R. R .
193
Sims Creek (Putnam County), center of bridge
over . i .
U.
s.
G. S . .
33
Sneads . . . . .
L.
&
N. R. R .
97
South Jacksonville .
F.
E.
C. Ry .
9
Spencer, A. C. L. depot .
U.
s.
G. S .
94
Spring Garden .
A.
c.
L. R. R .
17
Spring Hill .
G.
F.
& A. Ry .
1G9
Springside, 150 southwest of railroad crossing,
iron post .
U.
S.
G. S.. .
13
Stanton .
A.
c.
L. R. R .
83
Starke .
s.
A.
L. Ry .
150
Statens . . . . .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
11 1
Stuart . .
F.
E.
C. Ry .
' 12
Sumatra .
A.
N.
R. R .
22
Summerfield .
S.
A.
L. Ry .
85
Sumner, S. A. L. depot .
u.
S.
G. S .
9
Sunset Lake . . . ’ .
u.
S.
Army
Engrs., 1903 _
10
Suwannee .
A.
c.
L. R. R .
152
Suwannee' Valley .
G.
s.
& F. Ry .
106
Svea .
L.
&
N. R. R .
241
Tallahassee .
G.
F.
& A. Ry .
69
Tallahassee .
S.
A.
L. Ry .
82
Tampa .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
15
Tarpon Springs .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
14
Tarrytown .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
82
Tavares .
A.
C.
L. R. R .
66
Teasdale, at railroad crossing .
U.
s.
G. S .
65
Telogia .
A.
N.
R. R .
116
Telogia Creek, south crossing of A. N. R. R .
A.
N.
R. R .
45
Telogia Creek, north crossing of A. N. R. R .
A.
N.
R. R .
165
100
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LOCALITY.
Theressa, iron post at northeast corner of one-
story house, 150 south of station: .
Thomasville . . .
Thonotosassa . . . .
Tibbals . . . . . . .
Tiger Lake, Polk County . .
Tildenville . . . .
Tillman . .
Titusville .
Tocoi Junction, stone post in H. Wood’s grounds,
near house . . .
Toronto . . . : .
Trilby . .
Tsala Apopka Lake . . .
Turkey Creek . . . .
Tuscawilla Lake . . . . .
Varnes . . . . . . .
Valkaria . . . . . .
Verdie . . .
Vero . . . . . . .
Waccassassa River .
Wade . . , . . '...
Wainwright . . . .
Waldo .
Waldo, iron post at southeast corner of school
building . . . . .
Walk in the Water Lake, Polk County .
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
U. S. G. S . 166
S. A. L. Ry. . . 84
A. C. L. R. R.'. ... 49
F. E. C. Ry....!.. 31
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 _ 59
A. C. L. R. R . 99
F. E. C. Ry. . 18
F. E. C. Ry . 10
U. S. C. & G. S.... 35
A. C. L. R. R . 117
A. C. L. R. R . 69
U. S. G. S... . 50
S. A. L. Ry . 87
U. S. G. S . 80
A. C. L. R. R . 143
F. E. C. Ry.... ... 9
S. A. L. Ry . .’. 45
F. E. C. Ry.. . 17
A. C. L. R. R . 27
A. C. L. R. R . 69
S. A. L. Ry.. . 129
S. A. L. Ry. . . 150.
U. S. G. S . 157
U. S. Army
Engrs., 1882 .... 68
Ward City . .
S. A.
L.
Ry .
.. 118
Watertown . . .
S. A.
L.
Ry .
. . 195
Wauchula .
A. C.
L.
R. R...
. . 107
Webster . . .
A. C.
L.
R. R...
. . 89
Welciva River .
A. C.
L.
R. R...
. . 29
Wekiva River, nr -th fork .
A. C.
L.
R. R...
. . 29
Welaka, iron post in southwest angle of two cross
streets, corner of Winston Steven’s yard....
u. s.
G.
S .
. . 27
Welborn . . . .
S. A.
L.
Ry .
. . 196
Welshton, A. C. L. depot .
U. S.
G.
S .
. . 82
West Farm .
S. A.
L.
Ry.....
. . 107
West Jupiter . .
F. E.
C.
Ry .
9
West Palm Beach . . .., .
F. E.
C. Ry .
. . 16
ELEVATIONS IN FLORIDA.
101
LOCALITY.
West Tocoi .........
Elevation
AUTHORITY. Above Sea
(feet).
Westville . .
L. & N. R. R..
, . .. 70
White House . .
S. A. L. Ry. . . .
, . . . 84
White Springs .
G. S. & F. Ry. .
. . . . 125
Whitesville, A. C. L. depot. . . .
U. S. G. S .
, . . . 122
Wildwood .
S. A. L. Ry....
. ... 58
Williamson . . .
L. & N. R. R.
. . . . 226
Wilma . .
A. N. R. R...
. . . . 62
Windsor, iron post in
roads . .
northeast corner
of cross
U. S. G. S....
. ... 114
Winfield . .
G. S. & F. Ry.
. . . . 65
Winn ...............
G. S. & F. Ry.
. . .. 130
Winston . .
A. C. L. R. R.
. . . . 139
Winter Garden . .
A. C. F. R. R.
. . . . 123
Winter Park . . .
A. C. L. R. R.
. . . . 96
Woodburn, iron posit
crossing, at inside
side of road .
30 feet south
corner of wire
of railroad
fence, west
U. S. G. S....
.... 15
Wroodstock . .
S. A. L. Ry...
. . . . 165
Worthington Springs
A. C. L. R. R.
. . . . 66
Ybor Citv .
A. C. L. R. R.
.... 20
Yulee . . . . . .
S. A. L. Ry. . .
.... 25
York, A. C. L. depot.
U. S. G. S....
.... 84
Zellwood . .
S. A. L. Ry...
.... 95
Zolfo Springs .......
A. C. L. R. R.
.... 61
Zion . . . .
A. N. R. R...
.... 75
THE ARTESIAN WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND
SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
BY E. H. SELLARDS AND HERMAN GUNTER.
1 CONTENTS.
• page:.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The area treated . . . . . . . . . . 114
Geology . . . . . . . . . H4
Oligocene . . . . 114 t
Vicksburg group . . . . . . 114
Apalachicola group . . . . . . 117
Miocene . . . . . . . 118
Pliocene . . . . . . . . . 119
Pleistocene . 119
Earth movements during the Pleistocene . 120
Topography and Drainage . 121
Elevations . ±21
Rivers . 122
Climate . 123
Temperature . . 123
Precipitation . . 125
Soils . . . ,. . 127
General discussion of underground waters . 129
Source . 129
Annual rainfall . 130
Disposition of rainfall . . . 130
Amount available for the underground supply . 133
Underground circulation of water . 133
Cause of movement . 133
Rate of movement . . . . . . . 133
Depth of underground water . 134
Hydrogen sulphide in underground water . 135
Sulphur water not evidence of beds of sulphur . 137
Sulphur deposits formed from hydrogen sulphide . . 138
Absence of hydrogen sulphide from certain waters in Florida...... 138
Amount of hydrogen sulphide influenced by preessure . 139
Artesian water . . 139
Artesian water defined . . 140
Conditions necessary to obtain artesian water . . . 140
Artesian basin . . 141
Artesian slope . 142
Artesian water from unconfined horizontal beds . . . 143
Artesian water from solution passages . 143
Source of artesian water in Florida. . . . 144
106
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Formations supplying artesian water . 144-
Depth of artesian water . 145
Cost of wells . 145
Increased flow with incre'^ed depth . 146
Increased head with increased depth . 146
Increased temperature with increased depth . . . 147
Loss of head and reduction in flow . . . 149
Table showing loss of flow of artesian wells... . 149
Cause of the loss of flow . 151
Waste of artesian water . 152
Method of measuring flow of artesian wells . 152
Tables for determining yield of artesian wells . 155
Area of artesian flow in Florida . 157
Discussion by counties . 162
Nassau County . 162
Location and surface features . 162
Water-bearing formations . 162
Area of artesian flow . 164
Local details . 165
Callahan . 165
Crandall . . . . . 167
Evergreen . . 167
Fernandina . 167
Hilliard . 170
Italia . 171
King’s Ferry . 171
Lessie . 172
Lofton . 172
Duval County . 172
Location and surface features . 172
Water-bearing formations . 174
Area of artesian flow . 175
Local details . 176
Baldwin . 176
Bayard . 176
Jacksonville . 116
Mandarin . 180
Manhattan Beach . 181
Maxville . 182
Mayport . 182
St. Johns County . 183
Location and surface features . . 183
Water-bearing formations . . 184
Area of artesian flow . 185
CONTENTS.
Local details .
Anastasia Island .
Armstrong . .
Bunnell .
Dinner Island .
Elkton . .
Espanola .
Federal Point .
Hastings .
Holy Branch .
Hurds .
Moultrie .
Picolata . . .
Riverdale .
Roy .
St. Augustine .
Switzerland .
Yelvington .
Clay County .
Location and surface features
Water-bearing formations . . .
Area of artesian flow .
Local details .
Doctors Inlet .
Green Cove Springs .
Hibernia .
Leno .
Magnolia Springs .
Middleburg .
Peoria .
Russell .
Walkill .
West Tocoi .
Williams Crossing .
Putnam County . .
Location and surface features,
Water-bearing formations
Area of artesian flow .
Local details .
Bostwick .
Crescent City .
Orange Mills .
Palatka .
Penial .
107
PAGE.
. 185
. 185
. 187
. 187
. 187
. 187
. 188
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 191
. 191
. 192
. 192
. 193
. 193
. 196
. 196
. 197
. 197
. 198
. 200
. 200'
. 200
. 200
. 202
. 202
. 203
. 203
. 205
. 205
. 205
. 205
. 205
, 206
206
, 206
, 207
207
207
207
208
209
, 211
108
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Rice Creek . . . . 211
Rodman . 211
San Mateo . 212
Satsuma . . 212
Welaka . . 212
Woodburn . 213
Orange County . 214
location and surface features. . 214
Water-bearing formations . 215
Area of artesian flow . 215
Local details . . 215
Chuluota . . 215
Geneva . 216
Orlando . . 217
Oviedo . 217
Sanford . . . 218
Volusia County . 221
Location and surface features . 221
Water-bearing formations . 222
Area of artesian flow . 222
Local details . 222
Daytona . . 222
DeLand . 225
Enterprise . 226
Lake Helen . 228
New Smyrna . 228
Oak Hill . 229
Orange City . 230
Ormond . 231
Pierson . 232
Seville . . 232
Brevard County . 232
Location and surface features . 232
Water-bearing formations . 233
Area of artesian flow . 233
Local details . . 233
Chester Shoals . 233
City Point . 234
Cocoa . . 235
Eau Gallic . . 236-
Frontenac . 237
Grant . . ...237
Malabar . 237
Melbourne . . 23?
CONTENTS.
Merritts Island .
Micco .
Rockledge .
Sharpes .
Tillman .
Titusville . .
Valkaria .
St. Lucie County .
Location and surface features
Water-bearing formations . . .
Area of artesian flow .
Local details .
Eden .
Ft. Pierce . .
Narrows .
Orchid .
Roseland .
Sebastian .
Pinellas County .
Location and surface features
Water bearing formations....
Area of artesian flow .
Local details .
Clearwater .
Dunedin .
Espiritu Santo Springs .
Largo .
Ozona .
Pass-a-Grille .
Pinellas Park .
St. Petersburg .
Seminole .
Sutherland .
Tarpon Springs .
Wall Springs .
Hillsboro County .
Location and surface features..
Water-bearing formations . . .
Area of artesian flow .
Local details .
Plant City .
Tampa .
Polk County .
Location and surface features
109
PAGE.
. 240
. 241
. 241
. 242
. 243
. 243
. 245
. 245
. 245
. 245
. 245
. 240
. 246
. 246
. 24 8
. 248
. 248
. 249
. 250
. 250
. 250
. 250
, . 250
, . 250
. 251
.. 251
. 252
. . 252
. 252
, . 253
, . 253
. 257
. 257
, . 257
. 257
. 258
. 258
. 258
. 258
. 259
. 259
. 260
. 262
. 262
110
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Water-bearing formations . 263
Local details . 263
Bartow . 263
Carters . 263
Lakeland . 264
Mulberry . 264
Osceola County . 264
Location and surface features . 264
Water-bearing formations . 264
Area of artesian flow . 266
Local details . 266
Kissimmee . 266
Narcoossee . 266
Manatee County . 267
Location and surface features . 267
Water-bearing formations . 268
Area of artesian flow . 268
Local details . 268
Bradentown . 268
Manatee . 268
Palmetto . 269
Sarasota . . . . . 269
DeSoto County . 269
Location and surface features . 269
Water-bearing formations . 270
Area of artesian flow . 270
Local details . 271
Arcadia . 271
Ft. Odgen . 271
Nocatee . 271
Punta Gorda . 272
Palm Beach County . 272
Location and surface features . 272
Water-bearing formations . . 272
Area of artesian flow . 273
Local details . 273
Gomez . 273
Hobe Sound . 273
Palm Beach . 273
West Jupiter . 277
Yamato . 277
Lee County . 27S
Location and surface features . 278
Water-bearing formations . 278
CONTENTS.
Ill
PAGE.
Area of artesian flow. . . . . . . 279
Local details . . . . . . * . 279
Boca Grande . . t . . . . . . . 279
Ft. Myers . . 279
Labelle . . 280
Dade County . . . . . . . 281
Location and surface features . . . 281
Water-bearing formations . 281
Area of artesian flow . . . 281
Local details . . . 281
Dania . 281
Homestead . . 283
Miami . 285
Monrge County . 286
Location and surface features . 286
Water-bearing formations . 286
Area of artesian flow . 287
Local details . 287
Key Vaca . 287
Key West . 288
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
No.
10. Fig.
Fig.
11. Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
12. Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
13. Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
14. Fig.
Fig.
FIGURES/
Artesian basin.
Artesian slope'.
Artesian water from unconfined horizontal beds.
Artesian water from solution passages in limestone.
Method of measuring flow of artesian well.
Map showing area of artesian flow in Nassau and Duval Counties.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in St. Johns County.
Map showing the areas of artesian flow in Clay and Putnam
Counties.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Orange and Seminole
Counties.
Flowing artesian well.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Volusia County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Pinellas and Hillsboro
Counties.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Polk County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Osceola County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in Manatee County.
Map showing the area of artesian flow in DeSoto County.
PLATES.
1. Palmetto flatwoods, Amelia Island.
2. Palmetto flatwoods, Ft. Myers.
1. Scrub, east side of Lake' Kingsley, Clay County.
2. Sandy pineland, DeLeon Springs.
3. Open flatwoods, three miles east of DeLeon Springs.
1. Everglades west of Ft. Lauderdale.
2. Small prairie, four miles west of Sebastian.
3. Turnbull Hammock, one mile west of Daytona.
1. Sand dune near Mayport.
2. Ancient sand dune, two miles west of Daytona.
3. Exposure at Saw Pit landing, St. Marys River.
1. Exposure of hardpan at Black Bluff on Clark’s Creek, eight
miles from Fernandina.
2. Artesian well used for power, Melbourne, in Brevard County.
THE ARTESIAN WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND
SOUTHERN FLORIDA
E. H. SELLARDS AND HERMAN GUNTER.
INTRODUCTION.
A study of the water supply of Florida was begun in 1907
as co-operative work between the Florida State Geological Sur¬
vey and the National Geological Survey. The first paper was
issued in 1908 as Bulletin No. 1 of the Florida State Geological
Survey, and relates to the underground water of Central Florida.
The second paper of the series was published by the State Sur¬
vey in 1910 and related to the water supply of the counties of
Eastern Florida. A third paper included in the Fourth Annual
Report, 1912, extended the study of the water supply to the
counties of West Central and West Florida. The present paper
includes a reprint of the paper on the water supply of Eastern
Florida, published in 1910, revised to include a report on the
water supply of Southern Florida.
The writers are indebted to the many well drillers and well
owners who have contributed data regarding wells. Among the
many who have given assistance the following should be especially
mentioned : Messrs. Bellough & Melton, J. M. Chambers, C. I.
Cragin, Dr. E. S. Crill, Capt. R. N. Ellis, Hughes Specialty Well
Drilling Co., W. E. Holmes, John McAllister, Dr. J. N. Mac-
Gonigle, McGuire & McDonald, W. J. Nesbitt, Hugh Partridge,
H. Walker, Dr. DeWitt Webb, J. W. Wiggins, H. Van Dorn,
W. D. Holcomb, G. A. Miller, and Mr. Holmes of the water
supply department of the Florida East Coast Railway, J. C. Dan¬
ielson, T. J. Zimmerman, F. S. Gilbert, W. F. Hamilton, Dibble
and Earnest, The Artesian Well Co., D. W. Brown, F. J. White
& Co., Sydner Pump and Well Co., E. J. Pettigrew, J. O. Edson,
F. B. Bradley, and C. E. Reid.
114
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Extensive well records made in 1907-1908 in cooperation with
the U. S. Geological Survey by Messrs. Geo. C. Matson and F. G.
Clapp have been utilized in the preparation of this report. Data
regarding climate and rainfall have been supplied by Hon. A. J.
Mitchell, Director of the Florida section of the U. S. Weather
Bureau.
Many of the analyses included have been made in the office of
the State Chemist especially for this report. Others have been
made at various times by other chemists. Credit is given with
each analysis.
THE AREA TREATED.
The area considered in detail in this report includes the fol¬
lowing counties : Brevard, Clay, Dade, DeSoto, Duval, Hills¬
boro, Eee, Manatee, Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Osceola, Palm
Beach, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Seminole,
Broward, and 'Volusia. This section borders the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts and comprises the principal artesian areas of Penin¬
sular Florida.
GEOLOGY.
A knowledge of the geologic structure is essential to a clear
understanding of the underground water conditions. The pre¬
vailingly level country of Florida renders geologic observations
difficult. Some favorable exposures occur, however, and these
together with data obtained from well samples and well records
permit a reasonably full understanding of the structure of the
State.
The formations found in Florida belong to the : Oligocene,
Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. Of these divisions the Olig¬
ocene is the oldest ; the Pleistocene the most recent.
OLIGOCENE.
VICKSBURG GROUP.
The oldest or deepest formations reached in well drilling in
Peninsular Florida are the Vicksburg limestones. The Vicksburg
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 115
is an extensive deposit underlying all of Florida and extending
into adjacent States. In Central Peninsular Florida, from Colum¬
bia to Sumter Counties, these limestones are frequently exposed
at the surface. Passing to the east and south from Central
Florida they dip beneath the surface, and while nowhere exposed
at the surface they are reached by all the deeper wells. It is in
fact from these limestones that the principal water supply of
Eastern and Southern Florida is obtained. The Vicksburg is very
characteristic in appearance and structure, and when once seen
is not likely to be mistaken for any other formation in this part
of the State. The limestone as seen in well samples has a granu¬
lar appearance and may contain many small shells. This phase
of the limestone is frequently spoken of by the drillers as the
“coral” formation. As a matter of fact, however, the formation
contains relatively few corals. After passing one or two hundred
feet into this formation a more compact limestone is encountered.
This part of the formation often has a slightly pinkish cast, the
rock being very hard, and the drilling difficult. While these are
the general characteristics of the Vicksburg, yet its texture is not
uniform. . Hard layers usually alternate with soft layers, the
water supply as a rule increasing as each hard layer is penetrated.
Not infrequently masses of flint are found imbedded in the lime¬
stone which in some instances have given much difficulty in
drilling.
While, as already stated, the Vicksburg limestones dip on
passing to the east and south, yet the dip is not uniform and the
depth at which it is encountered varies from place to place.
In the wells at Jacksonville the Vicksburg is reached at a
depth of from 500 to 525 feet. At Callahan and at Fernandina,
in Nassau County, although no samples have been obtained, the
Vicksburg is believed, from well records, to be reached at about
the same depth as at Jacksonville.
Along the St. Johns River the Vicksburg maintains a similar
depth for some distance. At Ortega, seven miles south of Jack¬
sonville, the limestone was reached at a depth of about 500 feet.
At Magnolia Springs, and Green Cove Springs, thirty miles south
of Jacksonville, and on Black Creek, while no well samples were
116 FLORIDA STATL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
obtained, the Vicksburg is believed from well records to occur
at a depth of from 325 to 400 feet.
Passing to the south the Vicksburg lies nearer the surface.
Samples of drillings from wells at St. Augustine and at Hastings
in St. Johns County and at Orange Mills in Putnam County show
that the Vicksburg in this section lies at a depth of 130 to 225
feet, the greater depth being at St. Augustine and the minimum
depth at Orange Mills. Passing to the south the Vicksburg lies,
so far as well records indicate, at a fairly uniform level for a dis¬
tance of 150 miles. At Sanford, 75 miles south of Orange Mills,
the Vicksburg is reached at a depth of from 113 to 125 feet.
At Daytona, although samples are lacking, the depth of this form¬
ation is believed, judging from well records, not to exceed 150
feet. At Cocoa the Vicksburg is reached at a depth not exceed¬
ing 190 feet, while at Melbourne Beach, 150 miles south of St.
Augustine, its depth in one well was found to be 221 feet.
Passing to the south from this point the Vicksburg dips rap¬
idly. At Palm Beach, 100 miles farther south, this limestone
was reached at a depth of approximately 1,000 feet, *a dip of
about 750 feet in 100 miles or 7J4 feet per mile. The -Vicksburg
was not reached in a well 700 feet deep drilled by the Florida
East Coast Railway Company at Marathon Key, 175 miles south
of Palm Beach. f At Key West, however, the formation is be¬
lieved to have been reached at a depth of 700 feet.J
It is thus seen that the Vicksburg forms a broad arch extend¬
ing from central Florida to the Atlantic Ocean. St. Augustine
lies near the north slope of this arch, while Melbourne, as nearly
as can be determined, lies near -the south slope. On either side
of the arch the limestone dips at a moderate rate. On the north
side of the arch the maximum depth recorded in Florida is 500
feet. Passing to the south the maximum of approximately 1,000
feet is recorded at Palm Beach.
In view of the importance of the Vicksburg as an artesian
water reservoir, the depth at which it is to be expected is a matter
*Darton, N. H. ; Amer. Journ. Sci. (3) XLI, pp. 105-6, 1891.
•{Florida Geol. Survey. Second Annual Report, p. 206, 1909.
IHovey, E. O. ; Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull. XXVIII, pp. 65-91, 1896.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 117’
of very great importance and it is to be hoped that well drillers
will find it possible to keep accurately labeled well samples in
order to determine more definitely the distribution of this form¬
ation.
APALACHICOLA GROUP.
The Apalachicola group of formations is of a much less uni¬
form character than the Vicksburg and is also of less importance
in connection with the water supply. A full description of this
group of formations will be found in the Second Annual Report
of this Survey, pp. 67-106.
The formations which make up the Apalachicola group in¬
clude the Chattahoochee and Alum Bluff formations, well exposed
along the Apalachicola River; the Hawthorne formation in Cen¬
tral Florida ; and the Tampa formation in Southern Florida. The
relative position of three of these, the Chattahoochee, the Haw¬
thorne and the Tampa formations, has not been definitely deter¬
mined, and they may be largely contemporaneous. The Alum
Bluff formation lies above the Chattahoochee formation. The
limestone of this group consists largely of impure clayey material
which upon decay weathers to a sticky blue green clay. The
Chattahoochee Limestone is difficult to recognize in well samples.
Fossils in this formation are comparatively rare and such as occur
are largely destroyed in drilling. In surface exposures it may
be recognized by its lithologic character and by the characteristic
cubical blocks into which some of the strata break upon exposure.
The Apalachicola group has not been recognized from well
drillings in East Florida. Clays taken by Mr. S. L. Hughes from
the new city well at Jacksonville at the depth of 320 feet have
a very close resemblance to the fuller’s earth clays which occur
in the Apalachicola group, above the Chattahoochee Limestone.
On the other hand, Matson obtained from Jacksonville a Miocene
shark’s tooth from a well sample supposed to come from the
depth of 496 feet. In order to determine more fully the area and
extent of the Apalachicola group of formations in Eastern Florida
it will be necessary to obtain large and carefully collected well
samples. In Southern Florida the Apalachicola group is recog-
118
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
nized at Tampa and thence south along the Gulf coast as far as
Sarasota Bay.
MIOCENE.
The Miocene deposits are well developed in Eastern Florida.
At the city water works at Jacksonville this formation was en¬
countered in excavating for the basin for the city water supply,*
and was also reached in the city wells at a depth of from 35 to
36 feet. At Jacksonville this formation has a considerable, al¬
though undetermined thickness. It consists of a buff limestone
grading to a lighter color, more or less phosphatic, grading below
to phosphatic sands and sandy marls. The formation is in places
fossiliferous, although the shells are usually preserved as casts.
In Clay County the Jacksonville formation is extensively ex¬
posed along Black Creek. The exposure of this formation appears
along both the South and North. Fork of Black Creek, some miles
above Middleburg, and may be observed for five or six miles
below Middleburg. The following section was observed at High
Bluff, on the South Fork of Black Creek,, about five miles above
Middleburg :
Covered and sloping . 5 feet
Sloping, some sticky clay exposed.. . 5 feet
Yellow sand . 8 feet
Buff colored sandy limestone, containing a small propor¬
tion of black phosphatic pebbles . 12 feet
Same, with greater amount of phosphate . 5 feet
Same, with some phosphate . 12 feet
This is the thickest exposure of the Jacksonville .formation
observed at any one place along Black Creek.
The following section was observed in the pit of the Jackson¬
ville Brick Company, two miles southwest of Jacksonville:
Incoherent sand and soil . 2.4 feet
Sandy clays, the top 5 or 6 feet oxidizes yellow . 16 feet
Bluish fossiliferous marl . • . 4 feet
The marl obtained from test holes in the bottom of the pit is
*Dall, W. H., U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 84, 124-125, 1892.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA . 119
similar in character to the Choctawhatchee marl of West Florida,
and the clay used for brick making in Duval, Nassau and Putnam
Counties is probably of Miocene age. Beneath this marl, as
shown by numerous well drillings, the sandy limestones of the
Jacksonville formation occur.
Miocene deposits in Florida were first recognized by Dr. E. A.
Smith,* at Rock Springs, in the northwestern part of Orange
County. The limestone exposed here is a light, sandy, fossiliferous
limestone and is probably of the Jacksonville formation.
PLIOCENE.
Pliocene is known to occur in Eastern Florida, although the
extent and distribution of the deposits have been but imperfectly
determined. The shell deposits of this period occurring in the St.
Johns valley and along the East Coast have been described by
Messrs. Matson and Clapp.f Localities mentioned by them are
Nashua, on the St. Johns River, in Putnam County, and at DeLand
and near Daytona, in Volusia County. Other localities at which
these deposits were observed to be exposed are one-half mile
above the Atlantic Coast Line bridge over the St. Johns River, in
Putnam County; on the east side of the St. Johns River, about
five miles north of the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, in Volusia
County. Pliocene beds were also recognized from a well near
Kissimmee. From the exposures thus recognized it is evident
that Pliocene beds underlie a considerable area of Eastern Florida.
In Southern Florida the Pliocene is well developed in the valley
of the Caloosahatchee River. The land pebble phosphate de¬
posits are also believed to be Pliocene.
PLEISTOCENE.
The marine Pleistocene deposits have been recognized at sev¬
eral localities in Eastern and Southern Florida. Messrs. Matson
*Smith, E. A., On the Geology of Florida. Amer. Journ. Sic. 3d Ser.,
Vol. XXI, pp. 302-303.
tFla. Geol. Surv. Sec. Ann. Rpt., pp. 128-133, 1909.
120 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and Clapp obtained collections from Eau Gallie, Titusville and
Mims in Brevard County. It is probable that marine Pleistocene
shell deposits are somewhat widely distributed along the coast
and perhaps in the St. Johns River valley. Here, again, satisfac¬
tory determination can be made only from large and carefully *
kept samples obtained in well drilling. The coquina rock which
occurs extensively at St. Augustine and extends along the coast
to the south for 250 miles is also to be placed with the Pleistocene.
Some of the older sand dunes of the coast also probably belong
to the Pleistocene. In southern Florida Pleistocene limestones
are extensively developed in Palm Beach, Dade and Monroe
Counties, bordering and underlying the Everglades and on the
keys.
The following is an analysis of a sample of the Miami Time-
stone from near Miami, Florida. Analysis given by John B.
Reilly. Name of analyst not recorded.
Silica . 6.42
Alumina and iron oxides . 0.94
Carbonate of lime... . 91.23
Carbonate of magnesium . 1.08
99.67
EARTH MOVEMENT DURING PLEISTOCENE.
Changes in the relation of land and water have occurred re¬
cently along the East Coast, probably during Pleistocene time.
The best evidence of these changes is that offered by the sand
dunes and the coquina rock bordering the East Coast. The line
of sand dunes along the coast is well developed and largely con¬
tinuous. From Daytona south these dunes occur, not on the
present beach, but back from the beach a variable distance, de¬
pending upon the configuration of the country. At Daytona the
sand dune lies back from .the Halifax River about two miles.
From Daytona to Titusville the dunes are to be seen lying mostly
to the west of the East Coast Railway at a distance of one or two
miles from the coast. At Titusville the dunes lie back from the
Indian River two to two and one-half miles. At Rockledge the
WATER SUPPL, Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 121
dunes approach closer to the coast. They recede again, however,
to the south and at no place directly face the ocean. The dunes
are now quiescent and are covered with a thick growth of trees,
indicating that they have been undisturbed for a long time. In
the same way the coquina rock, found facing the ocean at Anas¬
tasia Island, in St. Johns County, falls back from the coast to the
south, extending at places a few miles inland. The presence of
this ledge of coquina rock bordering the coast together with the
sand dunes lying back clearly indicates that the land level former¬
ly stood lower than at present, the coquina rock and sand dunes
having accumulated along what was then the beach.
Conrad as early as 1846 noted the occurrence of marine shells
of post-Pliocene age along the bank of the St. Johns River at an
elevation of from ten to fifteen feet above the present high tide.
Matson has described* what he believes to be a Pleistocene
terrace bordering the St. Mary’s River, in Nassau County. A
similar abrupt rise in passing onto the upland may be observed
in many places bordering the coast and the valley of the St. Johns
River. It may be observed that a subsidence of 25 feet would
submerge the entire St. Johns valley and would allow the sand
dunes once more to face the ocean.
TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE.
The section of the State to which this report relates borders
the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. From sea level the
rise in elevation is as a rule gradual and the country in general
level or rolling. It is probable that with the exception of sand
dunes all of Monroe, Lee, Dade, Palm Beach, St. Lucie and Bre¬
vard Counties as well as the eastern one-half or more of Nassau,
Duval, Clay, Putnam, Volusia and Orange Counties and the en¬
tire St. Johns River Valley lie below the 50-foot contour line.
Elevations exceeding 50 feet occur in the western part of Nassau,
Duval, Clay, Putnam and Orange Counties and as a ridge ex¬
tending from northwest to southeast through Volusia County.
^Florida Geol. Survey, Second Annual Report, p. 39, 1909.
122
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The maximum elevation for Eastern Florida is found in the north¬
western part of Clay County, approaching “Trail Ridge.” On
this ridge are found, according to levels made in 1911 by the
United States Geological Survey, a maximum elevation of 246
feet. In Polk County elevations approximating 250 feet are also
reported. (See map.)
RIVERS.
The St. Johns River rises from the lakes of southern Brevard
County, within a few miles of the Atlantic coast. From this point
it flows north or slightly west of north about 200 miles, entering
the Atlantic Ocean within 25 miles of the north line of the State.
The elevations along this river at no point exceed 25 feet above
sea, the entire valley lying within the artesian flow area of the
State. The principal tributaries of the St. Johns are Black Creek
and Ocklawaha River. The former heads in the uplands of Clay
County, while the latter is fed from numerous lakes of Lake
County and receives tributaries from Silver Springs in Marion
County and from the lakes of southeastern Alachua County.
The St. Mary’s River, forming a part of the northern boun¬
dary of the State, rises in or near Okefenokee Swamp, in Georgia.
From its origin it flows south until on a parallel with the mouth
of the St. Johns river. From this point it bends abruptly and
flows north for thirty miles, then, turning again, flows a little
south of east to the Atlantic Ocean. Nassau is one of the smaller
rivers and with its tributary, Thomas Creek, forms part of the
boundary between Nassau and Duval Counties. The Withlacoo-
chee, Hillsboro, Peace and Caloosahatchee rivers flow into the
Gulf.
Bordering the streams, both the main rivers and their tribu¬
taries, are found in many places, open, flat, imperfectly drained
pine lands. These lands are classed in the section treating of soils
as open flatwoods. A somewhat different and more extensive
type of country is that designated as palmetto flatwoods. An
essential difference in these two types of country is the presence
or absence of the saw palmetto, the pine forest being common to
both. In Nassau and Duval Counties and along the tributaries
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 123
of the St. Johns River extensive areas of open flatwoods occur.
Along the border of the uplands, back from the river and from
the coast, a different type of topography has developed, consisting
largely of the sandy or rolling pine type of soil although scrub
hammock lands occur. These several types of country are due
to a considerable extent to the drainage conditions. On the sum¬
mit of the plateau, in the interior of Florida, palmetto flatwoods
and to some extent open flatwoods are again encountered.
CLIMATE.
The counties of Florida, covered by this report, lie bordering
or near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf, and are favorably
located for a mild and equable climate. The heat of summer, a?
elsewhere in Florida, is tempered by the proximity to the ocean.
By varying the crops, the growing season can be made to extend
practically throughout the year.
TEMPERATURE.
As the total length of the section covered by this report
extends north and south fully 425 miles, the temperature varies
appreciably between northern and southern points. At Jackson¬
ville, in Duval County, within about 25 miles of the north line
of the State, the mean annual temperature is 69 degrees Fahren¬
heit. The means for the four seasons of the year are as follows :
Winter, 56; Spring, 69; Summer, 81; Fall, 70. The absolute
maximum for summer heat recorded at Jacksonville is 104,
although temperatures above 100 are rare. The lowest tempera¬
ture recorded is 10 above zero. The mean temperatures for the
several months of the year at Jacksonville are as follows :
January, 55 ; February, 58 ; March, 63 ; April, 68 ; May, 75 ; June,
80; July, 82; August, 82; September, 78; October, 71; Novem¬
ber, 62; December, 56.*
At New Smyrna, in Volusia County, a station about 100 miles
*United States Weather Bureau Bull. Q, Climatology of the Eastern
United States, by Alfred Judson Henry, p. 352, 1906.
124
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
south of Jacksonville, as shown by the same report, the annual
mean temperature is 70 degrees Ft The means for the four
seasons are: Winter, 58; Spring, 68; Summer, 79; Fall, 72.
The absolute maximum for summer heat recorded at New
Smyrna is 100 degrees F. The lowest temperature recorded is
16 above zero. The mean temperatures for the several months
of the year (Fahrenheit) are as follows: January, 57; February,
59; March, 65; April, 67; May, 73; June, 78; July, 80; August,
80; September, 78; October, 73; November, 66; December, 58.
At Tampa, in Hillsboro County, the annual mean temperature
is 72 degrees F. The means for the four seasons are : Winter,
61 ; Spring, 71 ; Summer, 81 ; Fall, 73. The absolute maximum
for summer recorded at Tampa is 96 degrees F. The lowest
temperature recorded is 19 above zero. The mean temperatures
for the several months of the year (Fahrenheit) are as follows:
January, 59 ; February, 62 ; March, 67 ; April, 70 ; May, 76 ; June,
80 ; July, 81 ; August, 82 ; September, 80 ; October, 74 ; November,
67 ; December, 61.
At Miami, in Dade County, the annual mean temperature is
75 degrees F. The means for the four seasons are: Winter, 67;
Spring, 73 ; Summer, 82 ; Fall, 78. The absolute maximum for
summer recorded at Miami is 96 degrees F. The lowest tempera¬
ture recorded is 29 above zero. The mean temperatures for the
several months of the year (Fahrenheit) are as follows: January,
65; February, 67; March, 71; April, 74; May, 76; June, 81;
July, 82 ; August, 82 ; September, 81 ; October, 78 ; November, 74 ;
December, 69.
At Key West, in Monroe County, the annual mean tempera¬
ture is 77 degrees F. The means for the four seasons are:
Winter, 70 ; Spring, 76 ; Summer, 83 ; Fall, 79. The absolute
maximum for summer recorded at Key West is 100 degrees F.
The lowest , temperature recorded is 41 above zero. The mean
temperatures for the several months of the year (Fahrenheit)
are as follows : January, 70 ; February, 71 ; March, 73 ; April,
76; May, 79 ; June, 82; July, 84; August, 84; September, 85;
October, 79; November, 74; December, 70.
At Jacksonville,' in the northern part of the State, there is
WATER SUPPRY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PRORIDA. 125
little or no danger of frost before the latter part of October.
Light frosts, however, may occur as early as the latter part of
October. The earliest killing frost recorded, at this station, is
November 2, while the average date of the first killing frost for
the past fifty-three years is December 4. The latest date of a
killing frost in the spring, at Jacksonville, is April 6, and the
average date of the last killing frost is February 14. Light frosts,
however, have been known to occur as late as April 28.
At New Smyrna the earliest date of a killing frost in the fall
is November 28, while the average date of the first killing frost
for the past sixteen years is December 23. The latest date of a
killing frost at this place in the spring is March 22. The average
date of the last killing frost is February 16.*
At Tampa the earliest date of killing frost recorded is No¬
vember 28, while the average date of the first killing frost is
January 9. The latest date of killing frost in the spring recorded
at Tampa^ is March 19. The average date of the last killing
frost is February 8.
At Miami the earliest recorded date of the killing frost in
autumn is December 26, and the latest date in the spring is
February 19. The killing frost at this locality is so infrequent
that no attempt is made to determine the average date.
At Key West, at the extreme southern end of Florida, frosts
do not occur.f
PRECIPITATION.
The season of heavy rainfall in Eastern Florida includes the
summer and early fall months. As a rule approximately one-half
of the rainfall of the year comes during the four months, June,
July, August and September.
*U. S. Dept. Agri. Summary of the Climatological Data for the United
States by sections: Section 83. — Northern Florida, A. J. Mitchell, Section
Director. Also Climatology of Jacksonville, Fla., and Vicinity, Monthly
Weather Review for December, 1907, by T. Frederick Davis.
fUnited States Weather Bureau, Summary of the Climatological Data
for the United States by Sections : Section 84. — Southern Florida, A. J.
Mitchell.
126
FLORIDA' STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The average rainfall at Jacksonville for the 32 years ending
with 1903 was 53.4 inches annually. The mean for the four
seasons of the year is as follows: Winter, 9.4 inches; Spring,
10.4 inches; Summer, 17.9 inches; Fall, 15.7 inches. The mean
for the several months of the year at Jacksonville is as follows:
January, 3 inches; February, 3.4 inches; March, 3.5 inches; April,
2.9 inches ; May, 4 inches ; June, 5.5 inches ; July, 6.2 inches ;
August, 6.2 inches; September, 8.1 inches; October, 5.1 inches;
November, 2.5 inches ; December, 3 inches.
At New Smyrna the annual rainfall as shown by the same
report is 51.1 inches. The mean for the four seasons is as fol¬
lows : Winter, 8.4 inches ; Spring, 6.8 inches ; Summer, 17.4
inches ; Fall, 18.5 inches. The mean precipitation for the several
months of the year at this station is as follows: January, 2.8
inches ; February, 3.6 inches ; March, 2.6 inches ; April, 1.6
inches ; May, 2.6 inches ; June, 6.2 inches ; July, 5.6 inches ;
August, 5.6 inches ; September, 9.2 inches ; October, 6.7 inches ;
November, 2.6 inches ; December, 2 inches.*
At Tampa the annual rainfall is 53.1 inches. The mean for
the four seasons is as follows : Winter, 8.1 inches ; Spring, 7.4
inches ; Summer, 24.9 inches ; Fall, 12.7 inches. The mean pre¬
cipitation for the several months of the year at Tampa is as
follows: January, 2.8 inches; February, 3.5 inches; March, 2.9
inches; April, 2.1 inches; May, 2.4 inches; June, 8.5 inches; July,
8.0 inches ; August, 8.4 inches ; September, 8.2 inches ; October,
2.8 inches; November, 1.7 inches; December, 1.8 inches.
At Miami the annual rainfall is 58.3 inches. The mean for
the four seasons is as follows: Winter, 8.1 inches; Spring, 11.1
inches ; Summer, 20.6 inches ; Fall, 18.5 inches. The mean pre¬
cipitation for the several months of the year at Tampa is as fol¬
lows : January, 4.0 inches; February, 2.5 inches; March, 3.1
inches; April, 3.5 inches; May, 4.5 inches; June, 8.2 inches; July,
7.0 inches; August, 5.4 inches; September, 9.1 inches; October,
7.1 inches ; November, 2.3 inches ; December, 1.6 inches.
At Key West the annual rainfall is 37.9 inches. The mean
^United States Weather Bureau, Bull. Q.
WATER SUPPEY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 127
for the four seasons is as follows : Winter, 5.3 inches ; Spring,
5.5 inches ; Summer, 12.6 inches ; Fall, 14.5 inches. The mean
precipitation for the several months of the year at Key West is
as follows: January, 2.0 inches; February, 1.6 inches; March, 1.2
inches; April, 1.2 inches; May, 3.1 inches; June, 4.2 inches;
July, 3.7 inches; August, 4.7 inches; September, 7.0 inches; Oc¬
tober, 5.4 inches; November, 2.1 inches; December, 1.7 inches.
SOILS.
The geologic, topographic, climatic and drainage conditions
have much to do with the character of soils. Since the inorganic
constituents of soils are derived primarily from the decay of pre¬
existent formations, the character of the soil is determined to a
considerable extent by the formation from which it is derived.
The thickness and manner of accumulation of the residual ma¬
terial as well as accumulation of the organic constituents is af¬
fected by the topographic, climatic and drainage conditions. The
following are the more prominent soil types in the part of Florida
covered by this report:
Rolling pine lands : This type includes light, sandy, well-
drained soils. The native vegetation is pine and wire grass.
Oaks and other hard wood trees occasionally occur. The saw
palmetto is for the most part absent. This type of soil pre¬
dominates in the lake region of Florida.
Palmetto flatwoods : The palmetto flatwoods occur over an
extensive area in Florida. This type of country is flatter than
the sandy pine land and not so well drained. The native vege¬
tation of these lands consists chiefly of pine, saw palmetto and
wire grass. The sand is dark at the surface, becoming lighter
below. As a rule the so-called “hardpan” underlies the palmetto
flatwoods. This “hardpan” consists of sand stained with organic
matter and has the appearance of being partly cemented with
iron. When dry it is fairly well indurated, but as a rule it may
be penetrated with the soil auger. The transition in the bore
hole from the light colored sand to “hardpan” is abrupt. The
"‘hardpan” itself is very dark colored at the top and grades into
chocolate colored sands below.
128
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The “hardpan” is very objectionable in farming lands as it
prevents free movement of water by capillary attraction. The
lands underlaid by “hardpan” are not resistant to droughts. How¬
ever, where an abundance of water can be obtained cheaply, as
in the section of flowing artesian water, such lands may be used
to advantage by keeping them saturated with water.
Open flaiwoods : The open flatwoods are much less extensive
than the palmetto flatwoods. The native vegetation of the land
of this type is chiefly pine and wire grass with little or no under¬
brush. The saw palmetto is absent or nearly so and there is
little or no “hardpan.” The soil to a depth of from one to three
feet is dark ashy gray owing to the. presence of organic matter
mixed with the sand. A clay sub-soil is usually found at the
depth of from one to four feet. This type of land when drained
and irrigated has been used with great success in growing Irish
potatoes, sweet potatoes and other trucking crops and in gen¬
eral farming.
Prairie lands : The word “prairie” is applied to open lands
devoid of trees. The native growth is largely grasses.
Muck lands : The term “muck soils” is applied in ordinary
usage to lands on which organic matter from decay of vegetation
has accumulated to some depth. Vegetable matter accumulates
in this way only on such lands as are overflowed during a con¬
siderable part or all of the year. The largest tract of muck lands
in the State is the Everglades. Many smaller tracts occur, how¬
ever, throughout the State.
Clay lands : The clay soils are usually of limited extent, oc¬
curring at places where the superficial sands have been removed
by surface wash. The clay soils are lacking in organic matter
and before being farmed must be broken up and organic matter
incorporated.
Hammock lands : The term “hammock land” is most fre¬
quently applied to lands underlaid by marl or limestone and sup¬
porting a thick growth of vegetation, including hardwood trees
and cabbage palmetto. These lands when cleared make excellent
farming lands. Other hammock lands occur, however, which
have no evident relation to marl deposits. These likewise support
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 129
a heavy growth of hardwood trees. The soil consists of a rich
humus due to the accumulation of leaves. Beneath the humus
is usually found several feet of orange yellow sand.
Sandy hammock lands : The sandy hammock lands as de¬
veloped in the sections bordering the coasts are of wind-blown
sands or low dunes on which vegetation has gained a foothold.
Various hardwood trees grow on this type of land. It has been
found in many instances desirable for orange culture. It is used
also to some extent in vegetable growing. The open nature of
the soil, however, results in a heavy loss of fertilizer from
leaching.
Scrub : Scrub is a term applied to very sandy lands which
support a dense growth of shrubby plants. The sandy pine
lands often pass very abruptly and with no apparent reason into
scrub. Few attempts have been made to utilize the scrub lands
for farming purposes.
Sand dunes : The sand dunes both of recent and of earlier
formation occur frequently in Florida particularly along the
coast. The sand dune soil has been found especially adapted to
the growing of pineapples, the extensive pineapple farms of St.
Lucie County being largely located on quiescent dunes.
River swamp : The river swamp lands support a dense
growth of hardwood trees. On the smaller streams where the
elevation is sufficient to permit of successful drainage these lands
if cleared would furnish desirable trucking and farming land.
Salt marsh : Extensive salt marshes occur along the Atlantic
coast and bordering the streams entering the ocean.
UNDERGROUND WATER: GENERAL DISCUSSION.
SOURCE.
Rainfall : The chief source of underground water is the
rainfall. Water vaporized through the energy of the sun passes
into the atmosphere and is precipitated .over the land as rain or
condensed as dew or fog. The vapor is supplied to the atmos¬
phere by evaporation, principally from the ocean, which, occu-
130
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
pying three-fourths of the earth’s surface, is continuously ex¬
posed to the sun’s rays. To the vapor from the ocean is added
that arising from inland waters, from the dry land surface to
the earth, and from the leaves of plants.
Small additions to the underground water supply may come
through any one of a number of other possible sources, but the
total amount thus added is relatively small and may be omitted
in a general discussion.*
ANNUAL RAINFALL.
The annual rainfall is the measure of the column of water
that would accumulate at any spot in the course of a year, if all
that falls should be preserved. The measurement is commonly
stated in inches. The average rainfall for the State as a whole
for the fifteen years, from 1892 to 1906, inclusive, as deduced
from the U. S. Weather Reports, was 53.17 inches, annually.
The year 1907 was a year of less than average rainfall, 49.15
inches, and if this year is included the average for the sixteen
years, 1892 to 1907, falls below 53 inches, being 52.92 inches.
If longer periods be considered the variation from this average
is not sufficient to materially change the result. The area cov¬
ered by this report lies in that part of the State supplied with
about the average rainfall, and 53 inches may be safely assumed
as a close approximation to the annual rainfall for this section.
DISPOSITION OF RAINFALL.
Of the total rainfall of any area, (1) a part is returned as
vapor to the atmosphere without having entered the earth; (2) a
part is carried off by streams and rivers to the ocean without
penetrating the earth; (3) a part is absorbed into the earth.
..(1) WATER EVAPORATED WITHOUT ENTERING THE EARTH.
Immediately following a rain the atmosphere is nearly or quite
*A recent discussion of possible sources of underground water other
than rainfall will be found in Bulletin 319, U. S. Geol. Surv., by M. L.
Fuller.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 131
saturated. The evaporation at this time is slow, and the part
returned to the atmosphere directly from the land is an almost
negligible amount. This is especially true of a soil into which the
water enters quickly. Some of the water clinging to the leaves
of plants is re-evaporated, as well as a part of that which falls
into lakes, ponds and temporary pools. While an estimate of the
amount evaporated must be regarded as only in the roughest way
approximate, yet it is probably safe to assume that not more than
two or three per cent, of the total rainfall is returned to the
atmosphere by direct evaporation without having entered the
earth.
(2) SURFACE RUN-OFF-.
The relative proportion between the surface run-off and the
surface in-take of water is dependent upon the character of the
surface and the deeper formations and upon the topography. The
former affects rapidity of in-take of water into the earth ; the
latter the rapidity of surface run-off.
With regard to topography Peninsular Florida is either flat
or rolling. Rarely can a locality within this section be described
as hilly. The elevation increases gradually from sea level at the
coast to a maximum of scarcely more than 200 feet inland, while
large sections are so flat as to present no perceptible slope. Top¬
ographically the conditions are, therefore, very unfavorable to
surface run-off. On the other hand, the conditions are exception¬
ally favorable to large surface in-take. The soils are sandy and
receive and store the rainfall with great readiness.
(3) RAINFALL ENTERING THE EARTH.
Of the water which enters the earth, a part is ultimately
returned to the atmosphere by evaporation. The water retained in
soils is slowly given up through evaporation during dry weather.
As the evaporation takes place near the surface, the capillary
attraction draws a new supply from beneath, thus maintaining to
some extent the moisture content of the soil. The amount of water
thus brought to the surface and evaporated, while varying with
climate and with soils, is, in the course of a year, considerable.
132
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
To the evaporation from the surface of the soil must be added
that from the leaves of plants. This in turn varies greatly with
the different plants and with different climatic conditions. King,
in 1892, in one experiment, found that a crop of peas evaporated
477 pounds of water for each pound of dry matter formed, while
•corn under the same conditions evaporated in one instance 238
pounds of water per pound of dry matter.* Assuming that a
citrus tree evaporates approximately as much as the European
oak (Quercus cerris), the water evaporated from the leaves of a
fifteen-year-old orange tree is estimated, by Hilgard, at 20,000
pounds a year, or about 1,000 tons of water per acre of 100 trees.*)*
This is equivalent to about nine inches annual rainfall over the
same. area. Water is the chief vehicle for conveying plant food
absorbed from the soil by the roots. This enormous evaporation
from the leaves is in part for the purpose of disposing of the
water thus taken up by the plant. It serves chiefly, however, the
purpose of preventing, through the conversion of water into vapor,
an injurious rise of temperature during the hot sunshine and dry
weather.
It is impossible to estimate within even approximate limits
the loss of water by evaporation from the surface of the ground,
and from the leaves of plants in the area under consideration.
The atmosphere in Florida is relatively humid. On the other
hand, the temperature throughout most of the year is high. Much
of the country is uncultivated, and practically all of the soil is of
medium coarse texture.
It is probable that almost one-half of the rainfall entering the
earth is re-evaporated from the surface of the ground and from
the leaves of plants, and that not more than one-half of the total
rainfall in Florida passes through the soil and surface material
to join the underground water supply.
*20th Ann. Report Wis. Agriculture Experiment Station, p. 320 ,1904.
fBased on weighings made by R. H. Loughridge of the leaves of a
citrus tree at Riverside, Calif. Soils, by E. W. Hilgard, p. 263, 1906.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 133
AMOUNT OF WATER AVAILABLE FOR THE UNDERGROUND
SUPPLY.
An annual rainfall of 53 inches is found by computation to
amount to 921,073,379 gallons per square mile. Of this amount
it is estimated that in Central Florida about one-half is added each
year to the underground water supply.
UNDERGROUND CIRCULATION OF WATER.
Underground water is found usually to be in motion, thread¬
ing its way through pores, breaks, crevices, joints and other open¬
ings in the rocks. Its movement, is ordinarily slow and varies
with different rocks and under different conditions.
CAUSE OF MOVEMENT.
The chief cause of movement of underground, as of surface
water, is gravity. Capillarity is an additional force which, under
special conditions, may become the controlling factor. The water
returned to and evaporated from the surface of the ground, as
well as that carried to and evaporated from the leaves of plants,
is moved by capillarity in opposition to gravity. Gravity, how¬
ever, is the controlling force in the movement of water through
the deep zones of the earth. Pressure, which is an important
secondary cause of the movement in the earth, is the expression
of gravity. Except in the case of capillarity, the movement of
water, apparently in opposition to gravity, is, upon closer observa¬
tion, found to be in reality movement in response to gravity. The
water, which rises in a boring or flows from an artesian well or
spring, is forced up by pressure, due principally to the weight of
water lying at a higher level. The familiar observation that water
seeks its own level has the same explanation.
RATE OF MOVEMENT.
The chief factors affecting the rate of movement of water
through a porous medium, as given by Slichter, are as follows :*
*Water Supply Paper, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 67, p. 17, 18, 1902.
134
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
(1.) Porosity of the material.
(2.) Size of the pores in the water-bearing medium.
(3.) Pressure.
(4.) Temperature of the water.
(1.) Rocks contain pores which, in the absence of a liquid,
are ordinarily filled with air. The relative proportion of these
spaces in the rock to the whole volume is the measure of the
porosity. Thus, if a cubic foot of sandstone will hold in its pores
one-fourth cubic foot of water, its porosity is 25 per cent. The
greater the porosity, the more water absorbed by the rocks.
(2.) The size of the pores in the rock affects the rate of flow..
Rocks having large pores receive and conduct water many times
more rapidly than those having small pores.
(3.) The greater the pressure, other conditions remaining
the same, the more rapid the flow. A pressure of one pound per
square inch is required to support each 2.31 feet of a column of
distilled water at the temperature of 60 degrees F. The weight
of water from the deep zones is increased by solids in solution
and in suspension, and is affected by changes in temperature.
Something more than a hundred pounds pressure to the square-
inch is required to cause a flow from the bottom of a well 231 feet
deep. Something more than 500 pounds pressure to the square
inch is required to cause the rise of water in a boring, a distance
of 1,150 feet. Pressure of this magnitude must materially assist
in forcing water through the rock.
(4.) The temperature of the water is found to influence the
rate of flow. Slichter finds that a change from 50 to 60 degrees F.
increases the capacity to transmit water, under identical condi¬
tions, by about 16 per cent.f
DEPTH OF UNDERGROUND WATER.
The limit of the downward extent of wafer has not been
reached by borings or tunnels, some of which exceed a mile in
f Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 140, p. 13*
1905.
FLORIDA GEOLOGIC AE SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAE REPORT. PE. 10.
Fig. 1. — Palmetto flatwoods. View taken on Amelia Island in Nassau
County.
Fig. 2. — Palmetto flatwoods. View taken five miles east of Ft. Myers,
Lee County.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11.
Fig. i. — Scrub. This type of soil consists of white sand and is not
adapted for farming. Photograph by R. M. Harper. View taken on east
side of Lake Kingsley, Clay Comity.
Fig. 2— W ell drained pine lands. This type of soil is well drained, and
consists of a sandy loam. The prevailing vegetation is pine, wire grass
and oaks. The soil is light, and is suitable for early vegetables^ and for
orange growing. As a farming soil it requires building up and fertilizing.
View taken near DeLeon Springs, in Volusia County.
Fig. 3. — Open flatwoods. The soil consists of a dark sandy loam
underlaid at the depth of one to five feet by clay subsoil. The prevailing
vegetation is pine and wire grass. These flatwoods are naturally poorly
drained. When properly drained, however, the soil is good and suitable
for trucking and general farming. View taken three miles east of DeLeon
Springs.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 11.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.
Fig. 1. — Muck soil. The Everglades of Florida along the drainage
canal, west of Fort Lauderdale. The soil here consists of muck to a depth
of three to five feet, underlaid by sands which, in turn, rest upon oolitic
limestone1.
Fig. 2. — Prairie soil. One of the typical small prairies. View taken
10 miles west of Sebastian. The soil consists of light colored sands to a
depth of several feet, underlaid by clay or hardpan. The small prairie
shown in the foreground is surrounded by palmetto flatwoods.
Fig. 3. — Calcareous hammock soil. A view in Turnbull Hammock, one
mile west of Daytona. Shell marl here lies at or very near the surface.
The native vegetation includes cabbage palmetto and various deciduous
hardwood trees. The calcareous soils are desirable, particularly for vege¬
table growing.
FLORIDA GEOROGICAG SURVEY.
ElETH ANNUAI, REPORT. PE. 12.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13.
Fig. 1. — Sand dune. This view illustrates one of the recent sand dunes
near Mayport, at the mouth of the St. Johns River.
Fig. 2. — Ancient sand dune. This view is taken at the crossing of the
public road across the dunes, about two miles west of Daytona. The dune
here consists of light colored sand to a depth of four or five feet, under¬
laid by ochre yellow sands.
Fig. 3. — Clay soil. Exposure at Saw Pit Landing on the St. Marys
River, in Nassau County. The soil here is a sticky clay soil residual from
the decay of the clayey limestone.
FIFTH ANNUAI, RFPORT. PL,. 13.
FLORIDA GFOFOGICAT SURVFY.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PL. 14.
Fig. 1. — Exposure of hardpan along Black Bluff on Clarks Creek, eight
miles from Fernandina.
Fig. 2. — Artesian well used for power belonging to H. T. Bowden, Mel¬
bourne, Brevard County. The water from the artesian well affords
power by which water is pumped from a nearby shallow well.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 135
depth. Water, while thus known to penetrate to a depth greater
than a mile, probably does not reach beyond five or six miles at
the most. The movement, as has been stated, is through natural
openings in the rock. Pressure increases in the earth with depth,
and it is estimated that, at a depth of approximately six miles,
the pressure is so great that the pores and cavities of even the
strongest rocks are completely closed, $ making it impossible for
water to penetrate beyond this depth. Most of the water, how¬
ever, returns to the surface after a comparatively short under¬
ground course, only a small part of it reaching to this great depth.
HYDROGEN SUEPHIDE IN UNDERGROUND WATER.
The underground water of Florida is very generally im¬
pregnated with hydrogen sulphide (H2S), also known as sul¬
phuretted hydrogen, and hydro-sulphuric acid. Water containing
hydrogen sulphide is commonly known as “sulphur water.”
Sulphur water is especially characteristic of the areas of artesian
flow. In those sections in which open, porous limestone is the
surface formation, hydrogen sulphide is usually absent from the
first water encountered, although, even here, it is found to exist
in the water from the deep wells and in some springs.
Source: — Hydrogen sulphide may originate, in nature, in
any one of several ways. The following have been suggested :
(1) The decay of organic matter containing sulphur; (2) the
reaction of organic matter upon sulphides or sulphates; (3) the
reaction of acids upon sulphides; (4) partial oxidization of
sulphides; (5) steam passing over sulphur.
The decay of organic matter is an obvious source of hydrogen
sulphide in the underground waters of Florida. Chemical analysis
shows that sulphur is very generally present in Florida soils,*
and apparently invariably present in muck soils. Analyses of
samples of peat, which is, like muck, a vegetable accumulation,
will be found in the paper on peat deposits published in 1910.
The amount of sulphur in the Florida peat, in the dried samples,
varies from less than 1 per cent, to over 4 per cent.
M. Hoskins, 16th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., Part I, p. 859, 1896.
136
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Hydrogen sulphide is formed in connection with the decay of
eggs. In this case the albumen of the egg, according to Ostwald,
contains the sulphur.f H2S is also found escaping from sewer
drains and cesspools, and is formed, during the decomposition,
both of animal and vegetable substances. The H2S occurring in
shallow springs from marsh lands is, doubtless, supplied largely
from organic material.
The sulphur in soils is, probably, often present as sulphates.
Thorpe states that the decay of organic matter in contact with
sulphates results in the formation of H2S4 The reaction in this
case, probably, results from reducing properties of decaying
organic matter, the sulphates being first reduced to sulphides,
according to the following reaction: Na2 S O4-I-C2 (carbon of
organic matter) =2CC)2-f-Na2S. The sulphide is then acted upon
by the carbonic acid to form H2S as follows : Na2S+H2C03=:
H2S+Na2C03. The reaction of organic matter upon the sulphides
is regarded, by Van Hise, as another important source of H2S in
underground water.* *
The formation of hydrogen sulphide, as a result of the action
of acids upon metallic sulphides, is one of the most familiar of
laboratory experiments. This suggests the possibility of the
formation of this gas, as the result of the action of acid's upon
metallic sulphides, contained in the rocks. Sulphides, especially
those of iron, are widely scattered in the earth’s crust, and occur
in sufficient quantity to account for the formation of H2S gas in
water. Hydrogen sulphide is a weak acid, and its salts are de¬
composed by a stronger acid. Sulphuric and other mineral acids
should certainly react upon sulphides liberating H2S. Carbonic
acid, when abundant, reacts upon alkali sulphides to produce
hydrogen sulphide. It is true that the alkali sulphides are
normally not abundant in the crust of the earth. Stokes has
shown, however, that the reaction of sodium carbonate within the
^Bulletin 43, Florida State Experiment Station, pp. 653, 657, 659, 1897.
fOstwald, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, page 274, 1904.
^Dictionary of Chemistry, Vol. Ill, p. 697, 1900.
*A Treatise on Metamorphism, Mon. XLVII U. S. Geol. Surv., p.
1112, 1904.
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
137
earth, upon pyrite or marcasite, produces sodium sulphide. The
reaction given by him is as follows : (L. C. page 1107.)
8FeS2-f-15Na2C03=4Fe203+14Na2S+Na2S203-|-15C02.
It is a well-known fact that the carbon dioxide, which unites
with water to form carbonic acid, is abundant in the deep waters,
especially in the limestone formations ; the pressure existing at
considerable depth enabling the water to hold great quantities of
carbonic acid. The series of reactions given by Stokes accounts
for the presence of alkali sulphides in solution in the deep waters.
It may be added that all sulphides are soluble, to some extent, in
water and, in that condition, may be acted upon by carbonic acid.f
The partial oxidation of sulphides is, according to Van Hise,
a possible additional method of formation of hydrogen sulphide,
the reaction being as follows: (L. C. p. 1113.)
3FeS2-|-4H20V40=Fe304-|-4H2S+2S02.
The oxidizing processes are the most rapid near the surface,
especially above the underground water level, and H2S derived
from this source, probably, supplies relatively shallow rather than
deep waters.
The formation of H2S by steam passing over sulphur, which
occurs in connection with volcanoes, may be dismissed in consider¬
ing the sulphur waters of Florida, since Florida has no volcanoes
and no indications of volcanic activity.
SULPHUR WATER NOT EVIDENCE OF BEDS OF SULPHUR.
There is a widespread belief that the presence of sulphur water
must necessarily indicate the existence of beds of the mineral
sulphur. This conclusion does not follow. The probable sources
of the sulphur in sulphur waters, as indicated above, is organic
matter, together with metallic sulphates and sulphides scattered
through sedimentary rocks.
f Inorganic Chemistry. International Library of Technology. Sec.
12, p. 11.
138
FLORIDA STATL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
SULPHUR DEPOSITS FORMED FROM HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.
As stated in the last paragraph, sulphur waters are not to be
regarded as resulting from beds of pure sulphur. On the con¬
trary, it is probably true that these waters may, in some instances,
result in the formation of such deposits. Hydrogen sulphide,
when acted upon in the water by oxygen, breaks up, forming
water and sulphur; the reaction being H2S+0=H20+S. It is
thus possible that H2S in the underground water, or escaping
from the underground water, may become disassociated, forming
deposits of pure sulphur. Such deposits of economic value have
not been reported in Florida. It is a noteworthy fact, however,
that one large mass of sulphur has been found underneath phos¬
phate beds in Citrus County.* The formation of this mass of
sulphur is probably due to hydrogen sulphide. A flocculent white
coating of sulphur, or a sulphur compound invariably forms
around sulphur springs and flowing sulphur wells.
ABSENCE OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM CERTAIN WATERS
IN FLORIDA.
The absence of hydrogen sulphide from the first water obtained
from areas in which the open porous limestone is the surface
formation, has already been stated. It is a well-known fact that
if sulphur water is allowed to stand in the open air the gas will
escape. This method of freeing water from an excess of H2S gas
is a common practice wherever sulphur water is used for domestic
purposes. Wherever porous limestone lies at or near the surface
the sulphur gas, which the water may have contained, will find a
ready means of escape. In other parts of the State, where
compact and impervious formations rest upon the limestone, the
gas is prevented from escaping and sulphur water is obtained.
*Florida Geological Survey, First Annual Report, p. 44, 1908.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 139
AMOUNT OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE INFLUENCED BY
PRESSURE.
The quantity of H2S gas, which the water is able to hold in
solution under these conditions, is determined by the pressure.
The law of the solubility of gases in liquids is as follows : The
quantity of the gas which the liquid is able to dissolve is directly
proportional to the pressure on the gas. In the open, porous
limestone with no confining stratum above, the water at the top
of the underground water level is merely under atmospheric
pressure. After passing the underground water level, however, the
pressure increases rapidly. The increase of pressure is not simply
that due to the atmosphere, but that due to the weight of the
overlying column of water plus the atmosphere. According to
Van Hise:* “The pressure, which really is determinative as to
the amount of gas which may be held in solution, is that of a
column of water extending to the free surface, plus the atmos¬
pheric pressure.” From this law it follows that water, at a great
depth and under great pressure, is capable of holding a large
quantity of hydrogen sulphide in solution. When brought to the
surface the pressure is relieved and the gas rapidly escapes. The
artesian waters, in the flowing areas of the State, are under con¬
siderable pressure, thus enabling them to hold a large quantity of
hydrogen sulphide as well as a high proportion of mineral solids
in solution.
In order that the deep waters may hold large quantities of
H2S in solution, it is necessary that the gas be available. This
implies that the gas in the artesian and other deep waters
originates at some considerable depth rather than at or near the
surface.
ARTESIAN WATER.
The term “artesian’'’ has been variously used by different
writers. Flowing wells first became well known in the province
of Artios, France, and hence were called “artesian wells,” and
*L. c., page 70.
140 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
i
their water “artesian water.” The first meaning of “artesian
well” was, therefore, a flowing well ; and of “artesian water,”
water under sufficient pressure to cause it to flow. With the
extension into other areas of the use of deep wells as a source of
water supply, many instances were found in which the water,
although under pressure and rising almost to the surface, would
not flow. In some cases the water will flow in areas of low
surface elevation, and yet fail to flow in a slightly elevated area
nearby. Artesian water thus came to mean water under pressure,
causing it to rise in a boring when tapped, regardless of whether
or not the pressure was sufficient to cause the water to rise above
the surface level, and hence to flow. In the same way, and for
similar reasons, the term “artesian well” came to include not
only flpwing wells, but also' wells in which the water rises when
the water-bearing stratum is tapped, regardless of whether or
not the rise is sufficient to cause a flow. Occasionally, in popular
usage, the term “artesian well” has been applied to any deep bor¬
ing, and “artesian water” to water from such a well. In this
report the term artesian is applied to water under pressure, and
hence rising in a boring when tapped. The water may, or may
not, rise to or above the surface. An “artesian well” is any well
reaching to and tapping a stratum bearing such water ; a “flowing
well” is an “artesian well” that gives a surface flow. Artesian
pressure is the pressure causing the water to rise in the boring
when tapped. This is essentially the usage of these terms as
adopted by the Division of Hydrology of the U. S. Geological
Survey.*
CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO OBTAIN ARTESIAN
WATER.
As essentials for artesian water, it is necessary to have (1)
an adequate source of water, and (2) the proper structural condi¬
tions to retain the water under hydrostatic or artesian pressure.
It will be convenient to discuss first the structural conditions.
*Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, U. S. Geological Survey No. 160.
WATER SUPPL, Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PRORIDA. 141
artesian basin.
A variety of conditions in the arrangement and structure of
the underlying deposits may bring about artesian pressure. The
simplest, although probably not the most common, is that of a
basin-like arrangement of successive relatively pervious and
impervious strata. This typical structure, known as an artesian
basin, is shown in the accompanying diagram. It consists of a
pervious layer (a), out-cropping at the surface on either side and
sagging at the middle, above which is an impervious or water-
Fig. 1. — Illustrating Structure of an Artesian Basin.
tight confining layer (c), and below which is also an impervious
layer (b). Water enters the pervious layer at its surface ex¬
posures at the sides. The water collecting in the central part of
the basin is under pressure from the weight of the additional
water entering from the sides. Therefore, a well put down to
the water stratum in any part of the basin will obtain artesian
water, or water which will rise in the boring. The rise in the
boring is determined by the elevation of the in-take area, and can
in no case rise above the elevation of the exposed edges of the
stratum. As a matter of observation, it is found in all cases to
rise not quite so high as the exposed edge of the stratum, the loss
being due to the friction of movement through the rock. This-
loss of head due to friction necessarily varies with the texture
of the stratum through which it passes, the passage being more
free through the coarse material, and hence meeting with less
friction than through fine. Whether or not wells put down in
the basin will obtain flowing or non-flowing artesian water,
depends upon the surface elevation of the mouth of the well. The
diagram illustrates a basin in which flowing artesian wells may
be obtained.
142
FLORIDA STATE} GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ARTESIAN SLOPE.
The basin arrangement of strata is not the only possible struc¬
ture resulting in artesian pressure. The same result may, among
other ways, be brought about quite effectively by an inclined
porous stratum wedging out between two impervious strata. This
condition is illustrated by the accompanying simple sketch, in
which the pervious stratum (a) is represented as pinching out
and disappearing between impervious strata. A pervious stratum
grading into an impervious, or less pervious condition resulting
Fig. 2. — Illustrating structures that may prevail in an artesian slope;
a. a pervious water-bearing stratum which pinches out between impervious
strata; b. a pervious water-bearing stratum which grades into a less pervi¬
ous stratum; c. a pervious water-bearing stratum in which the artesian
pressure is due merely to the friction of water moving through the pores
of the rock.
in artesian pressure, is represented by (b) of the same drawing.
These conditions are often met with in the strata of the coastal
plain. Not infrequently, a sandstone formation grades off shore
Into a finer sandstone, and ultimately into a shale. This condition
comes about naturally through the sorting power of wrater acting
along what was the coastal line at the time of formation of the
strata under consideration. The coarser sand particles are
dropped near the shore and form the sandstone ; the finer sand-
grains, together with more or less clay, are carried farther out,
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 143
and form a finer grained sandstone grading ultimately into a clay.
Similarly, a sandstone, or other pervious formation, may pinch
out as a result of the thickening of a shale or clay bed. The term
“artesian slope” has been applied to such an area to distinguish
it from an artesian basin.
The friction of water threading its way long distances
through the pores of an inclined pervious formation may result
in an appreciable artesian pressure. That this is true, may be
demonstrated by the following very simple experiment: Fill a
tube of any length with sand, and incline at a convenient angle.
The sand of the tube represents the pervious water-bearing
stratum ; the tube itself, the impervious confining strata. Let
smaller tubes placed vertically be welded into the larger tube.
These vertical tubes represent bored wells. The water will be
found to rise in the vertical tubes, exhibiting an appreciable
artesian pressure due to the friction of flow through the sand.
ARTESIAN WATER FROM UNCONFINED HORIZONTAL BEDS.
It is, doubtless, possible to obtain artesian water in some in¬
stances from unconfined horizontal beds. This condition is illus-
Fig. 3. — Illustrating artesian water from unconfined horizontal beds.
The pressure in this case is due to the friction of water moving through
the pores of the rock.
trated by the following sketch taken from the report of M. L.
Fuller.* It is possible that some of the small local flows obtained
in the lake region of interior Florida are due to similar conditions.
ARTESIAN WATER FROM SOLUTION PASSAGES.
Solution passages through limestones undoubtedly facilitate
the free movement of water. If limestones should be otherwise
144
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
relatively water tight, flows might still be obtained, in some
instances, from water conducted through the cavities in the lime¬
stone. Such possible conditions are illustrated by the accompany¬
ing sketch, also taken from Mr. Fuller’s paper.* Several other
possible structural conditions that may give rise to artesian flows
are described and illustrated in the paper referred to. Those
illustrated above, however, include the structural conditions which
seem likely to prevail in Florida.
Fig. 4. — Sketch illustrating artesian flow obtained from solution pass¬
ages in the limestone. After Fuller.
SOURCE OF ARTESIAN WATER OF FLORIDA.
The idea is rather prevalent that the artesian waters of Florida
are in no sense local but are derived from the Appalachian
Mountains, or some other remote inland point. This is an error,
which, if not corrected, may prove detrimental. That the supply
is local is evidenced by the fact that the artesian wells of the
State are affected by local rains. Many of the well owners have
recognized the effect of local rains on their wells ; others who
have observed less closely recognize no such variation. That the
rainfall is sufficient to supply the large quantities obtained has
already been demonstrated.
FORMATIONS SUPPLYING THE ARTESIAN WATER OF
EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
As explained in the chapter on Geology, the principal artesian
reservoir of the eastern and southern part of Florida is the Vicks-
*U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 319, p. 39, 1908. Summary of the
Controlling Factors of Artesian Flows.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 145
burg group of limestones. In some localities, however, forma¬
tions lying above the Vicksburg group supply a flow, although
the flow from these more shallow formations is rarely ever so
strong as from the deeper or Vicksburg limestones.
DEPTH OF THE ARTESIAN WATER.
The depth at which the artesian water is obtained is variable
in different parts of the area. To find the depth for any particular
locality, it will be necessary to refer to the subsequent chapters
in which the several counties are treated individually.
COST OF WELLS.
It has been only within the past few years that artesian wells
have begun to supplant shallow, open dug wells in the rural dis¬
tricts. One cause of the rapid increase of artesian wells in these
districts is the necessity of irrigation in order to safeguard truck¬
ing and general crops against droughts. Again, from a health
standpoint, the water from these deeper wells is less liable to
contamination than is the water from the shallower or surface
wells.
The cost of an artesian well depends upon the depth to which
it is necessary to drill, the size of the well desired, the amount of
casing used and the character of the material that will probably
be penetrated in drilling. With a knowledge of the nature of the
underlying formations in a given area well drillers know approxi¬
mately the time and labor it will take to complete a certain size
well. In such an instance it is frequently the case that a well is
completed for a stipulated amount, regardless of the depth. It is
more customary, however, to let a contract for a certain size well
at a given price per foot. These prices vary in different sections
of the State, but on the average two-inch wells are sunk for from
$1.00 to $1.25 per foot; three- and four-inch wells from $1.50 to
$2.00 per foot. The larger wells range in proportion, a ten-inch
well costing about $3.50 per foot. The driller, at these prices,
furnishes the casing.
146
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
INCREASED FLOW OF ARTESIAN WEEDS WITH INCREASED
DEPTH.
As a rule, the amount of flow or yield of wells in Eastern
Florida increases with depth. To this rule there are, doubtless,
exceptions, since the amount of flow, in all cases, depends upon
the variable structure of the rock through which the drill passes.
As illustrations of increased flow with increased depth, the follow¬
ing may be cited :
In the new city well at Jacksonville, well No. 10 of the city
water supply, the first flow obtained was a light flow of 5 gallons
per minute at a depth of 270 feet. At a depth of 498 feet the
flow increased to 112 gallons per minute. Upon reaching the
Vicksburg Limestone, at a depth of 510 feet, the flow increased
to 200 gallons per minute. The flow at the depth of 635 feet was
found to be 500 gallons per minute. At 900 feet the flow was
about 900 gallons per minute. At 980 feet, the full depth of the
well, the flow was from 1,500 to 2,000 gallons per minute. For
the detailed measurements of flow on this well the Survey is
indebted to the drillers, the Hughes Specialty Well Drilling Com¬
pany of Charleston, South Carolina.
A like increase of flow is shown by the Ponce de Leon well in
St. Johns County, the measurements of which were kept, and have
been kindly supplied by Messrs. McGuire and McDonald, con¬
tractors. The first flow in this well of 50 gallons per minute was
obtained at a depth of 170 feet. At 177 feet the flow increased to
350 gallons per minute. At 410 feet the flow was 2,083 gallons.
At 520 feet the flow had increased to 4,860 gallons. At 1,110 feet
the flow was 6,075 gallons. The well was continued to a total
depth of 1,440 feet. The record of the well, however, contains no
mention of increased flow below 1,110 feet. While exact measure¬
ments, like those given above, are seldom made ; the drillers, with
few exceptions, report increased flow with increased depth.
INCREASED HEAD WITH INCREASED DEPTH.
Not only does the amount of flow of the water in this section
of the State increase with increased depth, but the head or pres-
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 147
sure, or height above the ground to which the water will rise like¬
wise increases. The head is, in reality, only a measure of the
pressure. The amount of flow is within limits dependent upon
the amount of pressure. Other conditions remaining the same,
an increased pressure will result in an increased flow. For the
records regarding pressure, it is necessary to rely chiefly upon the
Jacksonville and St. Augustine wells already referred to.
At 680 feet the pressure of the artesian water in the Jackson¬
ville well was 12 pounds per square inch, or sufficient pressure to
cause the water to rise vertically in a pipe 27.72 feet. At 900 feet
the pressure, as shown by the gauge, was 15 pounds, or sufficient
to cause the water to rise 34.65 feet.
The Ponce de Teon Hotel well, at St. Augustine, afifords valu¬
able information as to the possibility of obtaining increased head,
in this section of the State, by drilling to greater depths. This
well was drilled to a total depth of 1,440 feet. A measure of the
head was made at frequent intervals while drilling. The first
considerable flow obtained at St. Augustine is under a pressure,
causing it to rise about 32 feet above sea. At the depth of 350
feet the head was found to have increased to 38 feet above sea.
At the depth of 520 feet the head had increased to 42 feet, a total
gain of 10 feet. The head at greater depths than 520 feet is not
specifically recorded.
INCREASED TEMPERATURE WITH INCREASED DEPTH.
The temperature of the water at St. Augustine was found to in¬
crease with the depth. The temperature of the water in the Ponce
de Leon well, at the depth of 35 feet, is reported as 62 degrees F.
At approximately 100 feet the temperature was 72 degrees F. At
170 feet the temperature was 74 degrees F. The increased flow
obtained at 177 feet showed a temperature of 76 degrees F. At
520 feet the temperature of the water in the pipe was found to be
79 degrees F. At 1,110 feet the temperature was 80 degrees F.
Between 1,170 and 1,225 feet the water taken from the sand pump
showed a temperature of 85 degrees F. Water taken from the
sand pump, between 1,340 and 1,390 feet, showed a temperature
of 86 degrees F.
148
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
This record of the Ponce de Leon well, at St. Augustine, is
supplemented by the record from the new city well at Jackson¬
ville. In the Jacksonville well the following temperatures were
recorded: At a depth of 498 feet, the temperature of the water
flowing from the pipe was 71 degrees F. At 635 feet the tempera¬
ture was 74 degrees F. At 900 feet the temperature still registered
74 degrees F. These measurements made, as the water escapes
from the pipe, are necessarily approximate measurements. Not
only does the water lose in temperature in moving to the mouth
of the pipe, but it mingles with the higher and colder waters enter¬
ing the pipe, which necessarily equalizes the temperature of the
whole. They show, however, increase of temperature with
increase of depth.
TABLE SHOWING PROGRESSIVE LOSS
RECORD OF JACKSONVILLE
dj, T.
*3
£
*4-1
S3
o
W
CL
E
o
25 C3 2
fl
0
Ui
"53
5
u
s
(U
^ 4)fN
1886
1888
1889
1891
May 30
1892
Nov. 1
1893
Jan. 1
1894
Jan. 1
1895
&
2
o
-s
5
a>
®a-S
3
fc
N
CO
03
C3
> fl X
°og
Nov.
1
6
1885
864,000
864,000
799,860
568,073
309,096
264,384
243,000
221.616
200,232
Dec.
4
12
1896
1.854,320
April
6
10
1901
2,095,639
Aug.
7
10
1904
651,500
Mch.
2
6
1886
1,296,000
1,296,000
1,167,360
808,485
458,784
412,128
381,024
332,424
309,096
Feb.
3
10
1889
3,360,052
3,360,652
1,995,840
1,829,952
1,752,192
1,440,152
1,347,840
April
5
8
1899
590,676
f
I
!
Total Flow .
2,160,000
1,967,040
4,737,210
2,763,720
2.506,464
2,376,216
1,994,192
1,857,168
Loss
; in Flow...
192,960
590,482
2,770,170
1,973,490
257,256
130,248
382,024
137,024
Gain hv
New '
Well .
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 149
LOSS OF HEAD AND REDUCTION IN FLOW.
Exact measurements of loss of head and reduction in flow in
artesian wells are usually difficult to obtain. In the case of the
Jacksonville city water supply, fortunately, measurements of flow
have been taken at intervals from the time the first wells were
put down in 1885 to the present time. These measurements kept
through a period of 24 years afford records of especial interest
and value. The following table of flow was supplied J}y Capt.
R. N. Ellis, Superintendent of the Jacksonville city water supplv.
Two basins are used to receive the flow known as the north
basin and the south basin. The wells are grouped in the table
according to the basin into which they flow. The wells are
OF FLOW OF ARTESIAN WELLS.
CITY WELLS, 1885-1904.
1896
1897
1898
1899
April
;
1900
1901
1902
Jan.
1902
Nov. 29
1903
1904
April 1
1904
Oct. 26
188,568 /
1,354,320)
208.640
662.640
207,360
602,640
191,8051
419,902 r
1,883,093 J
1,108,080
881,280
,2,287,440
1,710,720
1,710,720
1,684,800
1,684,800
.
.
Aug. 1
601,500
.
285,69b]
l,093,456j
. J
1,368,576
1,368,576
1.322,220 [
590,676 J
.
1,829,947
1,441,147
1,418,907
1,368,576
1,368,576
1,347,840
1,099,080
1
2,922,087
289,451
1,064,869
I
2,476,656
445,381
2,249,876
226,800
2,784,176
56,356
534,320
2,639,947
144,529
3,935,947
587,093
1,296,000
3,706,347
229,600
1
3,079,296
627,057
3,079,296
3,032,640
46,656
3,385,380
352,740
248,760
.
150
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
numbered chronologically in the order of the date when com¬
pleted.
This table shows conclusively that, although the rate of flow
is variable for different wells and for the same wells at different
periods, yet in this group of wells there is a continuous and
progressive loss of flow. That the same is true of other wells
throughout this area, there can be no reasonable doubt. Those
who give no special attention to their wells suppose, as a rule,
that the. flow remains unaffected indefinitely. Many other well
owners, however, have observed this loss in flow with succeed¬
ing years. The reduced flow is best observed near the margin
of the flowing area in wells located on somewhat elevated ground.
Many of the wells from which the water will flow only a few
feet above the surface when first drilled may, in time, cease to
flow. In these cases the pressure which originally caused the
flow having been partly relieved, the water no longer rises above
the surface of the ground.
Exhaustion and ultimate failure of an artesian reservoir is
not unknown. It is, probably, true that, in nearly all artesian
sections, the original pressure gradient in the water-bearing rock
is appreciably lowered by the drafts made upon the subterranean
supply, with a consequent actual decrease in the capacity of the
wells. In this connection, Professor C. S. Slichter states :* “It
must be kept well in mind that there is a limit to the amount of
water that can be withdrawn from an artesian basin. There is
no such thing as an inexhaustible supply in this connection. The
amount of water available is limited on the one hand by the
amount of rainfall upon the catchment area, and the facility with
which the rainfall can obtain entrance to the porous stratum and,
oh the other hand, by the capacity of the water-bearing rock to
transmit the water over long distances and diminution through
leakage and seepage. These two limiting conditions are usually
of sufficient magnitude to render the overdrawing of the supply
a practical and present danger, which should be constantly kept
in mind.”
With regard to the artesian basin at Denver, Colorado, the
*U. S. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper, No. 67, p. 94, 95, 1902.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORlDA. 151
failure of which was unusually rapid, Slichter says : “This basin
was discovered in 1884, and in a few years about 400 wells had
been drilled within an area extending a distance of 40 miles,
along South Platte River, in a strip about 5 miles wide on both
sides of the stream. Most of the wells were within the limits
of the city itself. Many of the wells had a good pressure and
strong flow when first constructed. In 1886 it was not thought
that any general decrease in the flow of the wells could be
detected. Between 1888 and 1890, however, a continuous decrease
in the flow of the city wells took place, and by the end of the
latter year all but six of the city wells had to be pumped, while
numerous wells in the basin were permanently abandoned.”
CAUSE OF THE BOSS OF FLOW.
The loss of flow may be due to several causes. It is frequently
the case that the life of an artesian well is limited. The escape
of water through the well relieves the pressure, which results in
a reduced flow. In some instances, pressure has so far been
relieved that wells have ceased to flow entirely. This may be
regarded as a natural and unavoidable loss of flow.
The second cause of reduced flow, which may have affected
the Jacksonville and other wells, is interference of wells. Num¬
erous instances are on record where one artesian well has
affected surrounding wells.
A third possible cause is clogging of the wells through
accumulation of sand or other material in the pipes, or in the
formations through which the water comes. In addition to the
accumulation of sand, it is not impossible that the porosity of the
formation immediately around the well may have been more or
less affected by chemical deposition since the well was drilled. It
seems probable, however, that the clogging of the pores of the
rock is more likely to be caused by material mechanically trans¬
ported than by chemical deposition.
Improper casing is likewise a frequent cause of failure. It is
frequently the case that an insufficient length of casing is used in
the well. In such cases the sand gains entrance, or the well
152
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
caves below the casing-, clogging or partly clogging the opening,
thereby reducing or entirely stopping the flow.
NECESSITY OF GUARDING AGAINST WASTE OF ARTESIAN
WATER.
The records that have been given above indicate clearly that
useless waste of water should not be permitted. An artesian well
draws not on an inexhaustible supply of water from some remote
source, but draws upon a relatively local supply which is appreci¬
ably affected by continued use. A well permitted to flow uninter¬
ruptedly draws not only on the supply of the land on which it is
located, but affects also the supply of the adjacent land. A State,
a community, or an individual that permits the useless and reck¬
less waste of artesian water will ultimately find a most valuable
asset impaired by extravagance, and possibly no longer adequate.
It is urged by some well owners that to cut off a well, or to
stop the flow when not in use is unsafe as sand or other material
may get into and clog the well. The flow of the well can be
reduced to one-third or one-fourth its normal volume and the
danger from the accumulation of sand, when there is such danger,
guarded against. Moreover, where wells are cased, as they
should be to the Vicksburg Limestone, it is doubtful if there is
danger of clogging and reducing or stopping the flow. A law
restricting the waste of artesian water is urgently recommended.
SIMPLE METHOD OF determining FLOW OF ARTESIAN
WELLS.
A simple method for measuring approximately the flow from
an artesian well has been devised by Professor J. E. Todd,
formerly State Geologist of South Dakota. The following is
Professor Todd’s method in full:
“It is often desirable to know the amount of water delivered
by an artesian well. Frequently a contract calls for a certain
amount. It is also well to know whether the flow is diminishing
and how much.
“When a well is small, its flow may be measured easily with
WATER SUPPLY OR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 153
a watch and a gallon measure, or a keg or a barrel of known
capacity, but for wells flowing over twenty or thirty gallons a
minute, it is not so easy to determine with accuracy.
“If the well is large it may be measured with a weir, but that
is constructed only with considerable trouble. If the water runs
in a sluice or ditch of uniform width, its cross section may be
estimated and its velocity taken. This method, however, is not
very accurate. The following are methods which give fairly
accurate results with little trouble and in short time. All that is
necessary for the purpose is that the water be discharged through
a pipe of uniform diameter, a foot rule, still air, and care in taking
measurements.
“Two methods are proposed, one for pipes discharging
vertically, which is particularly applicable before the well is
permanently finished, and one for horizontal discharge, which is
the most frequent way of finishing a well. For the measuring a
vertical flow we have extended a method which wa's first used
by Mr. P. E. Manchester, C. E., of Chamberlain, who published
a table adapted to large wells, in the Chamberlain Register,
December, 1895.
“The table below is adapted to wells of moderate size as well
as to larger. In case a well is found of other diameter than that
given in the table, its discharge may be obtained without much
difficulty from the table by remembering that other things being
equal the discharge varies as the square of the diameter of the
pipe. If, for example, the pipe is one-half inch in diameter its
discharge will be one-fourth of that of a pipe one inch in diameter,
whose stream reaches the same height, so also a pipe eight inches
in diameter may be obtained by multiplying that of the four-inch
pipe by four.
“In the first case the inside diameter of the pipe may be
measured, then the distance from the end of the pipe to the
highest point of the dome of water above, in a strictly vertical
direction — a to b in the diagram. Then these distances may be
found in the table and the corresponding figure will give the num¬
ber of gallons discharged per minute. The blowing of the wind
154
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
need not interfere in this case as long as the measurements are
taken vertically.
“The method for determining the discharge of horizontal
pipes requires a little more care. First, measure the diameter of
the pipe as before, then the vertical distance from the middle of
the opening of the pipe, or some convenient point corresponding
to it on the side of the pipe, vertically downward six inches — a to
Fig. 5. — Illustrating method of measuring the flow of an artesian well
from horizontal and vertical pipes. After Todd.
b, then from this point strictly horizontally to the center of the
stream — b to e. With these data, the flow in gallons per minute
may be obtained from the table. It will be readily seen that a
slight error may make much difference in the discharge. Care
must be taken to measure horizontally and also to the middle of
the stream.
“Because of this difficulty, it is desirable to check the first
determination by a second. For this purpose, columns are given
in the tables for corresponding measurements twelve inches below
the center of the pipe. Of course, the discharge from the. same
pipe must be the same in measurements of the same stream. In
this case, the occurrence of wind, blowing either with or against
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 155
the water, may vitiate results to an indefinite amount, therefore
measurements should be taken while the air is still.
“The flow of pipes of diameters not given in the Table II,
may be easily obtained for corresponding measurements, as
follows : For Yz inch, multiply discharge of 1-inch pipe by .25 ;
for ^4-inch, by .56; for 1^4 -mch, by 1.56; for 1^4-inch, by 2.25.
For 3-inch, multiply 2-inch pipe by 2.25 ; for 4-inch, by 4 ; for 5-
inch, by 6:25 ; for 6-inch, by 9 ; for 8-inch, by 16.
TABLES FOR DETERMINING YIELD OF ARTESIAN WELLS.
I. Flow from Vertical Pipes
Height of Jet.
Discharge
Minute from
of Diameter
in Gallons per
Respective Pipes
given in Inches.
1
1%
iy2
2
3
In.
y2
3.96
| 6.2
8.91
15.8
30.6
i
5.60
| 8.7
12.6
22.4
51.4
2
7.99|
| 12.5
1S.0
32.0
71.9
3
9.81
15.3
22.1
39.2
88.3
4
11.33
17.7
25.5
45.3
102.0
5
| 12.68
19.8
28.5
50.7
113.8
6
13.88
21.7
31.2
55.5
124.9
7
14.96
23.6
33.7
59.8
134.9
8
16.00
| 25.1
36.0
64.0
144.1
9
17.01
26.6
38.3
68.0
153.1
10
17.93
28.1
40.3
71.6
161.3
11
18.80
29.5
42.3
75.2
169.3
12
19.65
30.7
44.2
78.6
176.9
13
20.46
31.8
45.9
81.8
184.1
14
21.22
33.0
47.6
84.9
190.9
15
21.95
'34.2
49.3
87.8
197.5
16
22.67
35.2
50.9
90.7
203.9
17
23.37
36.3
52.5
93.5
210.3
18
24.06
37.5
54.1
96.2
216.5
19
24.72
38.6
55.6
98.9
222.5
20
25.37
39.6
57.0
101.6
228.5
21
26.02
40.6
58.4
104.2
234.3
22
26.66
41.6
59.9
106.7
240.0
23
27.28
42.6
61.4
109.2
245.6
24
27.90
43.5
62.8
111.6
251.1
25
28.49
44.4
64.1
114.0
256.4
26
29.05
45.3
65.3
116.2
261.4
27
29.59
| 46.1
66.4
118.2
266.1
28
| 30.08
46.9
67.5
120.3
270.4
29
30.55
47.5
68.5
121.9
274.1
30
30.94
48.2
69.4
123.4
277.6
36
34.1
53.2
76.7
136.3
306.6
48
39.1
61.0
88.0
156.5
352.1
60
43.8
68.4
98.6
175.2
394.3
72
48.2
75.2
108.0
192.9
434.0
84
51.9
81.0
116.8
207.6
467.0
96
55.6
86.7
125.0
222.2
500.0
108
58.9
92.0
132.6
235.9
530.8
120
62.2
98.0
139.9
248.7
559.5
132
65.1
102.6
146.5
260.4
585.9
144
68.0
106.4
153.1
272.2
612.5
II. Flow from Horizontal Pipes
_ ^5
Flow in Gallons per Minute
for Pipes.
o
1
0-3
1 inch in Diam.
2 inch in Diam.
.sti
U r3
© 8
6 in. |
12 in.
6 in.
| 12 in.
level. |
level. |
1
level. |
level.
1
In.
1
6
7.01
| 4.95
27.71
19.63
7
8.18 |
| 5.77
32.33
22.90
8
9.35
6.60
36.94
26.18
9
10.51
7.42
41.56
29.45
10
11.68
8.25
46.18
32.72
11
12.85
9.08
50.80
35.99
12
14.02
9.91
55.42
39.26
13
15.19
10.73
60.03
42.51
14
16.36
11.56
64.65
45.81
15
17.53
12.38
69.27
49.08
16
18.70
13.21
73.89
52.35
17
19.87
14.04
78.51
55.62
18
21.04
14.86
83.12
58.90
19
22.21
15.69
87.74
62.17
20
23.37
16.51
92.36
65.44
21
24.54
17.34
96.98
68.71
22
25.71
18.17
101.60
71.98
23
26.88
18.99
106.21
75.26
24
28.04
19.82
110.83
78.53
25
29.11
20.64
115.45
81.80
26
30.38
21.47
120.07
85.07
27
31.55
22.29
124.69
88.34
28
32.72
23.12
129.30
91.62
29
33.89
23.95
133.92
94.89
30|
35.06
24.77
138.54
98.16
31 1
| 36.23
25.59
143.16
101.43
321
37.40
26.42
147.78
104.70
33 1
38.57
27.25
152.39
107.98
34 1
39.64 |
28.08
157.01
111.25
351
[ 40.45
| 28.64
161.63
114.52
36
41.60 |
59.46
166.25
117.19
1
Continue
by addin
ig for eac]
ti inch :
1.15 |
,
.82
1
4.62
3.27
156
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
“In both these tables it has not been thougnt necessary to
make any allowance for the resistance of the atmosphere. Doubt¬
less, when the velocity of the stream is great, the resistance is
considerable; but as the pressure checks the flow, and our object
is simply to measure the amount of flow, it need not be taken
into consideration. In case pipes are found of diameters not:
corresponding to the table, the same rule may be applied as in
the first case.
“Whenever fractions occur in the height or horizontal distance
of the stream, the number of gallons may be obtained by dividing'
the difference between the readings in the table for the nearest
whole numbers, according to the size of the fraction. For
example, if the distance from the top of the pipe to the top of
the stream, in the first case, is nine and one-third inches, one-third
of the difference between the readings in the table for nine and
ten inches must be added to the former to give the right result.
In case one measures the flow of his well according to both
methods, he may think that they should correspond, but such is.
not' the case. In the vertical discharge, as there is less friction,
the flow will be larger, so also difference will be found according
to the length of horizontal pipe used in the second case. The
longer the pipe, the more friction and less the flow.
“As pipes are occasionally at an angle, it is well to know that
the second method may be applied to them, if the first measure¬
ment is taken strictly vertically from the center of the opening,
and the second from that point parallel with the axis of the pipe
to the center of the stream as before. The measurements may
then be read from the table as before.
“This method is also applicable to measuring the discharges.,
of different pipes when water is distributed about a farm or in
a city.
“Pipes which have been cut in the usual way are frequently
diminished in diameter by the incurving of the edge of the pipe.
This will diminish the flow, but how much can only be roughly
estimated. It will be greater than that of a straight pipe having;
the exact diameter of the opening as reduced.”
WATER SUPPRY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ERORIDA. 157
THE AREAS OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN FLORIDA.
The accompanying map indicates, in a general way, the flow¬
ing and non-flowing areas of the State. In using such general
maps it should be borne in mind that artesian water depends
primarily upon the structure of the underlying formations, and
these are subject to variations of which there may be no surface
indications. Moreover, local elevations which affect flow can not
be indicated on a small scale map. Thus while the map indicates
approximately the limits of flow, the exact limits can be deter¬
mined in most cases only by drilling.
The shading on the map indicates those parts of the State in
which flowing wells have been obtained, or may be expected.
There are, as will be seen, three principal areas of flow as follows :
the Atlantic Coast area, the Southern Gulf Coast area and the
Western Gulf Coast area.
THE ATLANTIC COAST AREA.
The Atlantic Coast area includes much of Nassau and Duval
Counties, and, with the exception of local elevated areas, all of
St. Johns County; it follows the valley of the St. Johns River
almost if not quite to the head waters, while a narrow strip reaches
south along the Atlantic Coast for 250 to 300 miles. The artesian
water-bearing formation dips in passing to the south, being-
reached at Palm Beach at the depth of about 1,000 feet. In addi¬
tion to its increased depth the water at Palm Beach was jfound to
be too salty to be used for household purposes. Between Palm
Beach and Key West no wells have been drilled deep enough to
reach this formation. The deep well drilled on Key Vaca by the
Florida East Coast Railway terminated at 700 feet in quartz sands,
with sandstones and clay in streaks, not having reached the Vicks¬
burg Limestone.*
At Key West two wells have* been drilled to the Vicksburg,
which is reached at that locality at a depth of about 700 feet.
The first of these wells, drilled in 1895, is reported to have
^Florida Geol. Survey, Second Annual Report, p. 205, 1909.
158
Florida state; geological survey.
reached a depth of 2,000 feet. The well was non-flowing and the
water salty. No adequate record of this well was kept, and it is
not known to what depth the well was cased, nor whether or not
there was any attempt made to drill beyond and case off the salty
water. The second well was drilled, in 1909-10, by S. O. Johnson
and reached a total depth of 1010 feet. This well is cased about
150 feet. It is non-flowing and salty. Two samples of water
from this well have been received from Mr. Johnson. One is
said to have been taken from the water near the top of the well :
the other from near the bottom of the well. The first of these
samples contains chlorine 2,340 parts per million parts water. The
sample said to have come from the bottom of the well contains
1358 parts chlorine per million parts water.
THE SOUTHERN GULF COAST AREA.
Flowing wells have been obtained in areas of low elevation
at Tampa, St. Petersburg and elsewhere, along the Gulf Coast
for some distance north of St. Petersburg. It is only near the
sea level in this northward extent of the area that a flow is to be
expected. In Manatee County, along the Manatee River, strong
flowing wells have been obtained ; some of them having a pressure
of eight or more pounds. The wells in this county are used
extensively for irrigation. In DeSoto County flowing wells occur
at Punta Gorda, and along Peace Creek into Polk County. Some
of the wells at Punta Gorda have a head of about fifty feet. In
Lee County flowing wells have been obtained at Ft. Myers, along
the Caloosahatchee River to Labelle, and in the interior southeast
of Ft. Myers. In the well of A. P. Miller, of Ft. Myers, having
a depth of 535 feet the water was found to be under a pressure
of 17 pounds, giving it a head of 39 feet above the surface. The
southward extent of this flowing area has not been determined.
Approaching the southern limit the amount of salt in the water
increases, certain of the wells toward the southern part of Lee
County becoming too salty for use. The Vicksburg Limestone is
probably the water bearing formation in Southern as in Eastern
Florida.
Whether or not flowing wells can be obtained in the Ever-
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 159
glades, east and south of Lake Okeechobee, has not been deter¬
mined as no wells have been drilled in this part of the State.
While definite information is lacking, it is considered probable that
flowing wells will be obtained within the Everglades ; particularly
toward the western side. Subsequent records may show that the
Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast flowing areas are connected bv
way of the Everglades and around Lake Okeechobee.
While the northern limit of the Southern Gulf Coast area has
been given as the Pinellas Peninsula, from recent well records it
seems probable that a flow may be obtained north of this limit,
and possibly entirely around the Gulf Coast. Two wells have
reached this deeper flow, one at Crystal River, in Citrus County,
and one at Perry, in Taylor County. The well in Taylor County
reached a depth of 1,199 feet. The total dissolved solids in this
water, as shown by analysis made by the State Chemist, is 5,650
parts per million parts water. The chlorine alone amounts to 590
parts per million parts water. The water is reported to have
medicinal qualities. The well in Citrus County reached a depth
of 1,900 feet. The following is an analysis of the water from
this well made for the State Survey by the State Chemist in 1907 :
Ingredients.
Calcium oxide (CaO) ...
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Sulphate (SO4) .
Chlorine (Cl) . .
Silica (SiCL) .
Parts per million.
. 1,385.0
. 480.6
. 2,684.0
. 903.9
. 30.0
Total solids
6,474.0
WESTERN GULF COAST AREA.
The Western Gulf Coast area begins at Carrabelle, in
Franklin County, and extends to the western line of the State.
The flow along this westward extension of the State is evidently
due to the rapid southward dip of the formations exposed along
the northern line of the State, and in southern Georgia and Ala¬
bama. Both the Oligocene and the Miocene formations exposed
160
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
along the Ocklocknee, Apalachicola and other rivers crossing
Western Florida, from north to south, dip and pass from view
in approaching the coast. It is doubtless from these or from later
formations that the flowing water of this section is obtained. At
Apalachicola the artesian water has a head bringing it only a
few feet above the surface. The wells at this locality vary m
depth from 350 to 620 feet. A number of deep wells have been
drilled along St. Andrews Bay, in Washington County. The
artesian water in this section will rise several feet above sea level.
One of the city wells at Panama City is reported to flow 13.02
feet above the surface, or about 15 feet above sea level. A second
city well, located on higher ground, is non-flowing although
drilled to a depth of 630 feet.
Several wells, ranging in depth from 181 to 210 feet, have
been drilled along Choctawhatchee Bay, in Walton County. A
strong flow is obtained in this section. A well 210 feet deep, 3
miles south of Freeport, owned by the Baker- Wingfield Company,
had a pressure when measured September 22, 1910, of 15 pounds,
equivalent to a head of 34.65 feet above surface. Another wed
near by, 189 feet deep, belonging to the Choctawhatchee Lumber
Company, had a pressure on the same date of 12J4 pounds, equiva¬
lent to a head of 28.87 feet above the surface. Both of these wells
are located on low ground, near sea level. A well, 181 feet deep,
belonging to Messrs. J. C. Blackburn and J. N. McLain, located
on higher ground, in the town of Freeport, had a pressure of 6y2
pounds, equivalent to a head above the surface of 15 feet.
At Pensacola, and generally along the coast in Escambia County,
good flowing wells are obtained. A well at Northrop, 1,030 feet
deep, belonging to Stephen Lee, is reported to have a head of 60
feet above the surface. At Muscogee a well, 175 feet deep,
belonging to the Southern States Lumber Company, is reported
to have a head of 38 feet above the surface. A well on Bayou
Grande, near Pensacola, belonging to Messrs. Stephen and W. F.
Lee, is reported to be 1,000 feet deep and to have a pressure of
24 pounds, equivalent to a head of 55.44 feet above the surface.
The temperature of the water is given as 92 degrees F. and the
flow as 225,000 gallons per day.
WATER SUPPLY' OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 161
Among the isolated flowing wells in the State two at Grace-
ville, in Jackson County, are of especial interest. The first well
at this locality was drilled some years ago by Mr. F. J. White.
When first drilled, Mr. White says, the well flowed slightly above
the surface, but soon afterwards ceased to flow. On the day fol¬
lowing the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906, however, the
well was observed to be flowing, and it has continued flowing
from that date. The second well at Graceville was drilled in
1910 for the city by Mr. C. D. Williams. This well is 287 feet
deep. The water has a head sufficient to rise about 2 feet above
the surface. The well is eight inches in diameter for 161 feet,
and six inches to the bottom. The flow is estimated at 20 gallons
per minutes. Although no well samples have been obtained it
seems probable from the driller’s notes that the wells at this lo¬
cality pass through the Vicksburg Limestone and enter an under¬
lying formation.
A well drilled as a test well for oil about six miles south of
Chipley, in Washington County, is said to have flowed at a depth
of about 1,250 feet.
During 1912 flowing wells were obtained at and near Ponce
de Leon, in Plolmes County. These wells vary in depth from 200
to 213 feet. The water rises 5 to 6 feet above the surface. After
passing through about 100 to 130 feet of sands, sandstone, and
blue marl, limestone is reached from which the artesian water is
obtained. The following is a log of one of these wells drilled
for the town of Ponce de Leon. This well flows 65 gallons per
minute and has a head of six feet above the surface. The record
is by the drillers, M. J. Gray & Company.
Feet.
Coarse yellow sand . 0- 10
White sandy clay . 10- 39
Yellow sand . . . . 39- 43
Sandstone . . . . . . . 43-60
Blue marl . . . 60-130
White limestone . 130-203
162
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
DISCUSSION BY COUNTIES
NASSAU COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Nassau County lies bordering the Atlantic Ocean in extreme
northeastern Florida. The St. Mary’s River, taking its source
in Okefenokee and other swamps along the Florida-Georgia boun¬
dary line, after flowing south and southeast until approximately
on a parallel with the mouth of the St. Johns River, turns abrupt¬
ly and flows directly north for a distance of 30 miles. From this
point the river flows slightly south of east to the Atlantic. Nas¬
sau County occupies the northern and western part of the penin-
sula-like extension of Florida formed by the northward bend of
this river, the northern and western boundaries of the county
being formed by the river.
The surface is in general level or rolling. The highest eleva¬
tion found within the county is near the western side, where a
flat-topped ridge extends north and south, lying only a few miles
distant from the St. Marys river. Towns lying on this ridge
are as follows : Boulogne, elevation 70 feet ; Hilliard, elevation
66 feet; Crawford, elevation 85 feet; Kent, elevation 70 feet
Some places on this ridge may exceed 100 feet in elevation.
Aside from this ridge no points are recorded in Nassau County
having an elevation reaching 50 feet.
That part of the county east of this ridge, including fully two
thirds of the county, is lower in elevation and is prevailingly of
the open flatwoods type of soil.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
Up to the present time the identification of the age and char¬
acter of the different strata encountered in drilling in Nassau
County has been difficult owing to the fact that no complete set
of well samples from any well in this county has been obtained.
WATER SUPPLY OE ^ASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 163
From an incomplete set of samples from the J. R. Wilson well
at Callahan, kindly saved by the driller, Mr. H. C. Russell, it is
seen that limestone was encountered at a depth of from 212 to
255 feet. The limestone was very hard and massive and no fos¬
sils were observed in the sample. Just above this stratum of rock
is reported a twelve foot layer of sand and black pebbles, and in
fact these black pebbles were seen imbedded in the underlying
limestone. Water is reported to flow frojm this depth. Below
this stratum of rock 100 feet of blue marl with inclusions of
several thin strata of shells is reported. In a sample from this
stratum the sand was gray in color and the grains were round in
outline. The black pebbles, smaller than those in the above
stratum, occur also at this depth but may have dropped down
from above. At a depth of from 355 to 364 feet a very hard
rock is reported, but no further notes were made of this and no
samples kept. From 364 to 418 feet indurated gray sand and
blue marl are reported and immediately below this is encountered
a rock, apparently limestone, in which the water is reported to
increase in head and in volume of flow as each hard layer is pene¬
trated. From all information that could be gathered it seems
probable that this limestone is the Vicksburg.
Exposures of clayey, impure limestones are found along the
St. Marys River, at High Bluff, about six miles and at Saw Pit
Bluff, about two miles above the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
bridge; also at Chalk Bluff and at Orange Bluff, near King’s
Ferry.
The section at Saw Pit Bluff is as follows •
Feet.
Sticky blue clay with some soil . 5
Impure limestone . . . o
At Chalk Bluff, about two miles above King’s Ferry, the fol¬
lowing section was observed :
Feet.
Sticky blue clay with some soil at top . 2
Calcareous clay resembling fuller’s earth . 2
White chalky material . 1
Clay resembling fuller’s earth . , . 2
164
FLORIDA SFATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Going down the river from Kings Ferry no rock or shell ex¬
posures are seen until Reeds Bluff, near Crandall, is reached.
This bluff, which lies on the Florida side of the St. Mary’s River,
is semi-circular in shape and is about three-fourths of a mile long.
The following section was made near the middle of this bluff :
Feet.
Incoherent pale yellow sands . 20-40
Oyster shell reef imbedded in fine, sandy clay . 10-15
Blue sands and sandy clays oxidizing yellow . 10-20
The oyster reef in this section rests irregularly upon the un¬
derlying sands, the base of the reef being- 10 to 20 feet above
low tide. The oyster reef extends about two hundred feet along
the face of the bluff.
The unusual thickness of the loose yellow sands at the top of
the bluff is due to the fact that the upward moving currents of
air carry sand as it is loosened along the face of the bluff to the
top, where it accumulates as a sand dune.
Roses Bluff, also on the Florida side of the river, about two
miles below Crandall, is semi-circular in shape and is fully two
miles long. The following section was made near the middle of
this bluff:
Feet.
Dark colored sand and soil . 4
Dark iron-stained sand (hardpan) . 7
Ochre yellow sand . 8
Sand with some clay . 5
Sandy shell bearing marl, blue, oxidizing yellow . 4
Sloping to water’s edge at low tide . 5
33
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN NASSAU COUNTY.
That part of Nassau County in which flowing wells can be
obtained is indicated on the accompanying map by shading.
Flowing wells may be obtained as shown by the map, Fig. 6,
in approximately the eastern twc-thirds of the county. A rela¬
tively small area, including the ridge already mentioned, lying
near the western part of the county and extending north and
south, parallel with the St. Marys River, stands too high to obtain
WATER SURREY OR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 165
flowing wells. In this section, however, non-flowing artesian
water may be obtained which will stand within a few feet of the
surface.
LOCAL DETAILS.
CALLAHAN.
There are several flowing wells at and in the vicinity of Cal¬
lahan, varying from 410 to 489.7 feet in depth. Three different
water-bearing strata are reported in all the deeper wells at Cal¬
lahan, the -first occurring at about 50, the second at from 160 to
200, and the third at 400 to 425 feet. The water from the first
stratum does not flow, but rises to within 6 to 10 feet of the
surface, and is found in a shell formation. The water from the
other two strata rises from 28 to 48 feet above the surface.
The first deep or artesian well at Callahan was drilled in
1904. This well was put down at the instance of several of the
residents, by D. C. Stafford. It is a three-inch well and reported
to be about 400 feet deep. The main source of domestic water
supply at Callahan until the completion of this well had been
shallow wells. These wells, which vary in depth from 25 to 60
feet, obtain their water supply chiefly from the underlying sands
and clays. The water from these sands and clays, while soft
and very desirable for domestic purposes, seemed to be contami¬
nated by surface impurities as was indicated by the many cases
of typhoid fever. Several of the citizens suspected that this sick¬
ness was due to the drinking of this surface water and their
combined efforts resulted in the completion of this first artesian
well. Since the completion of this and other deep wells the
healthfulness of the locality has greatly improved.
A three-inch well drilled for J. R. Wilson in 1908 by H. C.
Russell reached a total depth of 412 feet. It is reported cased
188 feet and has a pressure of 21 pounds, as shown by the pres¬
sure gauge February 3, 1910, or a head of 48.51 feet above the
surface. The elevation of the depot at Callahan, as given by the
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, is 20 feet above sea. The location
of the above well is approximately 2 feet lower than the depot.
166
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
or about 18 feet above sea, thus making a total head of 66.51 feet
above sea.
Another three-inch well was drilled by H. C. Russell for
T. R. Wells & Brother. This well reached a total depth of 420
feet and is cased 192 feet. The pressure of this well, as shown
by the pressure gauge, February 3, 1910, was 19 pounds or a
head of 43.89 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well is
approximately 3 feet higher than the depot or 5 feet higher than
the Wilson well. The head would thus be 66.89 feet above sea
or about the same as that of the Wilson well.
In February, 1910, H. C. Russell completed a second well for
J. R. Wilson. This well is located about three-fourths of a mile
east of Callahan. It is a three-inch well and reaches a total
depth of 489.7 feet. 212 feet of 3-inch casing was used. The
first flow in this well was encountered at 200 feet, the second at
275 feet and the third at 425 feet. Although the drilling in this
well was continued to a depth of 489.7 feet it is reported that no
increase of water was obtained below 460 feet. The following
is a log of this well as constructed from the notes kept by the
driller and from samples of the drillings saved by him :
Feet.
Sand . 0- 2
Red clay . 2- 10
Blue clay and sand . 10- 45
Shell deposit, including a thin layer of hard rock at 52 ft.
Water above and below this rock comes to within ten
feet of surface . 45- 60
Blue marl with occasional beds of shells 3 or 4 feet thick
and containing black to dark gray water-worn pebbles. 60-200
Medium coarse sand with numerous very small black grains
or pebbles. A flow was obtained at this depth . 200-212
Limestone (sample) . 212-255
Blue marl and fine sands with inclusions of several thin
strata of shell. (Sample) . 255-355
Very hard rock . 355-364
Indurated gray sand and blue marl . 364-418
Rock, hard and soft strata with increase of flow upon pene¬
trating each hard stratum. No increase reported below
460 feet. Driller reports the rock to be closer grained
from 460 to 489.7 feet, and not containing much water.. 418-489. 7
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 167
CRANDALL.
Two wells are reported at Crandall, both of which are owned
by Messrs. L. A. Davis & Brother. These wells are three
inches in diameter and both are reported cased to a depth of
80 feet. One was drilled to a depth of 480 feet ; the other
a depth of 450 feet. The water is reported to rise 35 feet above
the surface. The water from one of the wells is used for the
boiler supply at the sawmill and is said to form a hard scale.
The other well is used for general drinking purposes.
EVERGREEN.
Flowing wells are obtained at Evergreen postoffice, a village
about four miles distant from Evergreen station on the Sea¬
board Air Line Railway. A well owned by Mr. L. L. Owens
and drilled by Mr. D. C. Stafford in 1909 is about 500 feet deep.
It is two inches in diameter and is reported cased 270 feet. The
water is reported to rise 25 feet above the surface.
FERNANDINA.
Fernandina, the county seat of Nassau County, is located in
- the northeastern part of the county, on Amelia Island. This is¬
land is thirteen miles long and is from one to three miles wide.
The greater portion is low and flat, while other parts are gently
undulating. The highest elevation on the island is to be found
along the line of sand dunes bordering the ocean. The dune
on which the lighthouse is placed reaches an elevation of about
55 feet above the sea.
The first flow of water in and near Fernandina is reported to
be encountered at a depth of from 400 to 500 feet after drilling
through a considerable thickness of sand and blue to greenish
clay or marl. The water at this depth, as indicated by notes
obtained from well drillers, comes from a sand stratum confined
there by the overlying, very compact, blue to greenish clays.
The second water bearing stratum or chief source of supply is
obtained at or about the depth of 600 feet. In the log of the
168
FLORIDA STAFF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
new well at the city water works limestone or what was termed
by the driller, Mr. H. Walker, “water rock” was encountered at
a depth of 556 feet. This was reported to consist of alternating
hard and soft strata and the flow of water to increase with depth
as each hard stratum was penetrated.
The first well drilled on Amelia Island was put down for the
City of Fernandina by Messrs. Wade and Hampton in 1888.
This well is located 5 blocks east of the city postoffice and is
eight inches in diameter and was drilled to a total depth of 640
feet. It is reported cased 618 feet. At this depth an abundance
of flowing water was obtained but as the well subsequently be¬
came filled with sand the flow decreased to such an extent that
in order to get a sufficient amount of water to supply the city
pumping had to be resorted to. Later the well was drilled deeper
to a depth of 731 feet. The flow, however, is reported not to be
as great as it was originally, although the deepening of the well
increased the amount of flow to such an extent that the pumping
of the water became unnecessary. This well is reported to have
had a pressure of 14 pounds when first drilled in 1888. The
following record of measurements of the flow of this well were
kindly supplied by Mr. R. V. Nolan, superintendent of the City
Waterworks.
Flow of well.
Date. Gallons per day.
1890... . 1,152,000
1902 . 641,832
1904 . 495,408
1905 . 440,564
1907 . 425,952
1909 . 408,000
In 1906 a second well was drilled for the city by Mr. H
Walker. This well contains 120 feet of 10-inch casing; 356 feet
of 8-inch casing; and 455 feet of six-inch casing and is drilled
to a total depth of 733 feet. The head of the water in this we1!
as shown by the pressure gauge January 28, 1910, was 14 pounds
to the square inch or 32.3 feet above the surface elevation of the
well, which is about 29 feet above sea, thus making a total head
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 169
of 61.3 feet above sea. The flow of this well in 1909 was 672,-
000 gallons per day.
The following is a log of the new well at the City Waterworks
as given by Mr. H. Walker, the driller:
Feet.
Sand . 0-110
Medium hard rock . 110-126
Sand and clay . 126-185
'Clay . 185-400
Sand . 400-450
Green clay . 450-512
Rock . 512-517
Blue clay . 517-556
Limestone, termed “bed rock,” with alternating hard and
soft strata . 556-733
A well three and one-fourth miles south of Fernandina owned
by the Nassau Truck & Farm Company was drilled by J. W.
Wiggins in 1909. This is a six-inch well, 650 feet deep and
cased 442 feet. The first hard rock is reported at a depth of
500 feet. The pressure of this well was taken January 14, 1910,
and was found to be 20J^ pounds or a pressure sufficient to
cause the water to rise 47.3 feet above the surface.
The following is a log of this well as constructed from the
notes kept and kindly made available by Mr. Walter Schucht,
Superintendent of the company:
Feet.
Muck . 0- 3
Hardpan. A small flow just below this . 3- 9
Sand . 9-100
Blue clay. A good flow of water reported . 100-200
Sand . 200-400
Coarse sand and black pebbles . 400-500
Hard rock . 500-630
Limestone, hard and soft strata. Increase of flow upon
breaking through each hard stratum . 630-650
The following is an analysis of the water drawn from this
well January 14, 1910. Analysis made for the State Survey in
the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst :
170
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica, (Si02) . 24.0
Chlorine, (Cl) . 30.0
Sulphates, (SO4) . 133.0
Phosphates, (PO4) . 0.0
Carbonates, (CO3) . 0.0
Bicarbonates, (HCO3) . 195.0
Sodium and Potassium (Na & K) . 30.0
Magnesium (Mg) . 13.0
Calcium (Ca) . 55.0
Iron and Alumina, (Fe & Al) . Trace
Toss on Ignition . 130.0
Total dissolved solids . . 500.0
A well just across Amelia River and about two miles south¬
west of Fernandina was driven by James Jones for L. G. Hirth.
The well is 94 feet deep, two inches in diameter and the water
stands 7 feet below the surface.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well made
by Dr. E. R. Flint, Chemist, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Fla. :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Free Ammonia . None
Albuminoid Ammonia . Slight Trace
Nitrites . . . SlightTrace
Nitrates . None
Chlorine . 20.40
Total Solids . 192.01
Organic and Volatile Solids . 30.00
Hardness (CaCOs) . . 54.85
Permanent Hardness . None
HILTIARD.
Hilliard is located in northwestern Nassau County, on the
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, and about eight miles distant from
the St. Marys River. No flowing wells have been reported in
this part of the county, the elevation being too great. The eleva¬
tion of the depot at Hilliard as recorded by the Atlantic Coast
Line Railroad is 66 feet. Mr. D. W. Griffing has kindly fur-
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PRORIDA. 171
nished several points of elevation covering the property of the
Cornwall Farm Land Company
The only deep well reported at Hilliard is owned by The
Cornwall Farm Land Company and was drilled by J. W. Wig¬
gins in 1909. It is an eight-inch well, 648+ feet in depth and
cased about 400 feet. The elevation at the well is somewhat
above the depot and the water is reported to rise to within 12
feet' of the surface. Hard rock was encountered at 300 feet and
the principal supply of water is reported as being obtained from
the depth of 400 feet. The following is an analysis of the water
from this well. Analysis by the Chemical and Engineering Com¬
pany, 35 Kinzie Street, Chicago, Ill. :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Organic Matter . 37.0
Silica . 36.0
Calcium Carbonate (Lime 91. parts per mil.) . 151.0
Calcium Sulphate . 16.0
Magnesium Sulphate . 105.0
Magnesium Chloride . 40.8
Sodium Chloride (common salt) . 20.3
ITALIA.
One deep well is reported at Italia. This well is now owned
by McLeod Bros. & Airth and was drilled in 1905. It is a 2-inch
well and reached a total depth of 430+ feet. It is reported cased
40 feet and to have a head of 30 feet above the surface.
KING’S FERRY.
Kings Ferry is located on the St. Marys River, about 30 miles
up the river from Fernandina. One deep well owned by W. J.
Carlton is reported from Kings Ferry. This well is two inches
in diameter and about 400 feet deep and was drilled in 1909 by
D. C. Stafford. The pressure of this well could not be ascer¬
tained but it furnishes a strong flow and was reported to rise
more than 31 feet above the surface in a one-inch pipe.
172
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LESSIE.
A deep well at Lessie, owned by J. R. Wilson & Company
and drilled by D. C. Stafford, is reported to have a depth of 450
feet. It is a two-inch well and furnishes an abundant supply
of water.
EOFTON.
The well of J. W. Rodgers at Lofton was bored in 1906 and
is reported to have a depth of 510 feet. It is two inches in
diameter and gives a good flow, but the height to which the water
would rise above the surface was not learned The water from
the well is used for general domestic purposes and to supply the
turpentine still.
DUVAL COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Duval County joins Nassau County on the south, and is sepa¬
rated from it by the Nassau River and its tributary, Thomas
Creek. The St. Johns River flows through Duval County. The
surface drainage from this county is carried off largely through
these rivers and their tributaries.
The surface is in general flat or but slightly rolling. The
surface elevation rises gradually from sea level. The highest
elevation reached is found in the southwestern part of the county,
where the “Trail Ridge” forms part of the boundary. A narrow
strip along this part of the county exceeds 100 feet in elevation.
With this exception practically all parts of this county lie below
the 100-foot contour line, while much of the area lies below the
25-foot contour line.
The elevations in Nassau and Duval Counties have been ob¬
tained from various sources. An important line of levels extend¬
ing from Trout Creek across Nassau and Duval Counties in a
southwesterly direction, made' during the summer of 1909, in con¬
nection with a preliminary survey for a ship canal across Florida,
were kindly made available for this purpose in the office of the
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 173
United States Engineer at Jacksonville. Similar surveys made
by the same office in 1879 supplied elevations from Fernandina
Fig. 6. — Map of flowing area of Nassau and Duval Counties. The:
area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading.
to Maxville and at various points along the St. Marys River.*
In addition much information as to elevations has been obtained
* Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1880, pp. 973-1010.
174
FLORIDA state; geological survey.
from the profiles of the several railroads crossing this section,
particularly the Seaboard Air Line from Jacksonville to Maxville,
the Florida East Coast from Jacksonville to Mayport and the
Atlantic Coast Fine from Jacksonville to the St. Marys River.
From Jacksonville westward the rise in elevation, as shown
by the profile of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, is very gradual,
to a point three miles west of Jacksonville where an elevation of
27 feet is reached. From this summit the elevation drops off
slightly, the elevation of Cedar Creek being 17 feet. Beyond
Cedar Creek the elevation rises more rapidly. Marietta station
is approximately GO feet above sea. The summit of this rise is
reached two miles west of Marietta where the elevation is 94
feet. White House station is 82 feet above sea Beyond McGirts
Creek one and one-half miles an elevation of 91 feet is reached.
From this point there is a very gradual slope to Baldwin, this
latter place being 86 feet above sea. South from Baldwin the
contour rises in general, reaching an elevation of 93 feet at Max¬
ville and 100 feet one-half mile beyond the county line.
The line of levels run by United States Engineers extends
from Trout Creek, passing just to the south of Brandy Branch
station, or Bryceville postoffice. The summit elevation in Nas¬
sau and Duval Counties along this line occurs about four miles
northeast of Brandy Branch, where an elevation of 90 feet is
recorded.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deeper wells in Duval County reach and terminate in the
Vicksburg Limestone. This is known to be the case at Jack¬
sonville, at which place the Vicksburg is reached at approxi¬
mately five hundred feet from the surface. The wells at Jack¬
sonville, the deepest of which reach a total depth of something
over a thousand feet, do not, so far as the records show, pass
entirely through the Vicksburg.
The formations lying above the Vicksburg are less charac¬
teristic lithologically and are not easily differentiated. The sur¬
face deposits include both recent and Pleistocene material. During
a part of Pleistocene time this section of the State stood at a
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 175
lower level than at present, permitting the ocean to extend inland
some distance beyond the present coast line. Conrad* has re-
*Conrad, T. A., Am. Journ. Sci. (2) 11, 38, 1846.
corded the occurrence of marine shell deposits of post-Pliocene
age along the banks of the St. Johns River at an elevation of
from ten to fifteen feet above the present high tide. Conrad also
reports a similar post-Pliocene deposit about one-half mile from
the bank of the river near the ancient village of PTasard. Marl
deposits are said to occur near the mouth of the St. Johns River,
on the banks of Ft. George Inlet. That the depression of the
coast during Pleistocene time was general is indicated by the
records from several other localities.
Beneath the Pleistocene, Pliocene deposits probably occur over
some parts of the county. The total thickness of the Pleistocene
and Pliocene, if both are represented, is, however, not great, as
the fossiliferous Miocene limestone was reached at Jacksonville,
in the boring at the city well, at a depth of 33 feet.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN DUVAL COUNTY.
The area of artesian flow in Duval County is indicated on the
accompanying map by shading. As will be observed the flowing
area borders the Atlantic coast, Nassau and St. Johns Rivers
and extends some distance inland, following each smaller stream
and tributary. The wells in western Duval County are non¬
flowing. A topographic map of this section would assist in deter¬
mining flowing and non-flowing sections, since the flow is to a
large extent correlated with elevation. It is to be borne in mind,
however, that artesian water depends primarily upon the struc¬
ture of the underlying formations and these formations are liable
to variations of which there is no surface indication. For this
reason, while the map indicates the area of probable flow the
exact limits of the area are best determined by drilling.
176
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LOCAL, DETAILS.
BALDWIN.
Baldwin is located on the Seaboard Air Line Railway, nine¬
teen miles west of Jacksonville. The elevation is approximately
86 feet above sea. Three wells have been drilled at or near Bald¬
win. The deepest of these, located at the Atlantic Coast Line Rail¬
road crossing, one-half mile north of Baldwin, is reported to reach
a total depth of 580 feet and is cased 511 feet. A second well
nearby reaches a depth of 100 feet. A third well located at Bald¬
win reaches a depth of 92 feet. All of these wells are non-flowing,
although the water rises within a few feet of the surface. The
distance at which the water stands from the surface in the deep
web is not reported beyond the statement that the well is non-
flowing.
BAYARD.
Bayard is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, fifteen
miles south of Jacksonville. The elevation of this place is ap¬
proximately 22 feet above sea. Flowing water is obtained at
Bayard, one well having been put down for the Carter-Lucas
Co. This is a three-inch well, reported to have been drilled to a
depth of 280 feet. The water here will rise at least fifteen feet
above the surface.
JACKSONVILLE.
The large number of wells occurring at Jacksonville precludes
the possibility of listing or describing all. Probably not less than
five hundred flowing wells occur in or near this city.
The first flow obtained at Jacksonville, according to the rec¬
ords of the city well, was a light flow from a depth of 487 feet.
A large flow, however, is not obtained until the drill enters the
Vicksburg limestones, at a depth of about 524 feet. After reach¬
ing the Vicksburg the flow increases upon breaking each compact
layer. At a depth of 632 feet the flow in the new city well was
found to be one million gallons per day. At a depth of 980 feet
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 177
the same well supplied a flow of two million gallons per day.
The material penetrated in the drilling at Jacksonville, for a
depth of about 500 feet, consists largely of clays, sandy clays,
and sands with some fossiliferdus limestone and some shell de¬
posits. From about 500 to 524 feet the record shows considerable
dense hard rock. After penetrating this stratum the limestones
of the Vicksburg group are reached.
The water supply for the city of Jacksonville is obtained from
artesian wells. At present ten artesian wells are in use. Details
as to the depth and construction of these wells will be found in
the table of well records Nos. 1 to 10. The log of well No. 6
was given in the Second Annual Report, p. 109. The samples
from which this log was made were obtained by Superintendent
Ellis by first drilling an eight-inch well, and afterwards reaming
it out to a ten-inch well.
The following is the record of the new city well at Jackson¬
ville. Sample of drillings from this well, together with notes on
the materials penetrated, were kindly kept by Mr. S. L. Hughes
of the Hughes Specialty Well Drilling Company, of Charleston,
South Carolina :
Filled ground and sand . 0
Sand with some clay. . . . 15
Sandy limestone, yellowish or light buff in color . 33
Light colored clay marl . 37
Blue sticky clay with black phosphatic pebbles . 70
Marls, usually green or olive green in color containing
variable amount of sand, and clay. Black phosphatic
pebbles together with some shell fragments occur
throughout the marl. Occasional thin layers of
light colored limestone are reported within this
interval. First flow of water at 270 feet 5 gallons
per minute . 100
Buff clay resembling fuller’s earth mixed as seen in the
sample, with green sandy marl . . 320
Greenish and sandy clayey marl. . 340
Indurated sands or sandstones . 390
Greenish sandy marls ...» . 396
Light colored limestone . 415
Greenish calcareous sandy clay . 420
Dark colored hard sand rock . 434
- 15
- 33
- 37
- 70
-100
-320
-340
-390
-396
-415
-420
-434
-435
178
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Olive green calcareous sandy clay . . . 435 -455
Light sandy marl . . . 455 -455J4
Green sandy marl . 455^4-462
Dark sandy clay . 462 -490
Very hard dark or gray sand rock . 490 -493
Silicified and very hard shell rock with siliceous phos-
phatic pebbles. After passing through this rock the
flow is increased to 112 gallons per minute, tem¬
perature 71 degrees F . 493 -498
Light colored marl . 498 -500
]Jard rock . . . . . 500 -506
Light gray sandy calcareous rock with black phosphatic
pebbles . 506 -510
Feet.
Light colored fossiliferous limestone (Vicksburg). Upon
reaching this formation the flow is increased to 200
gallons per minute. At 625 to 635 feet the harder
stratum was drilled through, which flowed 500 gallons
per minute, temperature 74 degrees F. At 680 feet the
water pressure measured, as shown by the gauge, 12
pounds . .510-680
Limestone, prevailing brownish in color, and as a rule hard¬
er than above. Occasional thin layers of marl and
shell. Slight increase of flow at 780, water pressure at
900 feet 15 pounds; flow about 900 gallons per minute;
temperature 74 degrees F . 680-900
Limestone similar in character to above, but as a rule not
so hard. Flow at 980 feet, 1,500 to 2,000 gallons per
minute . 900-980
The Vicksburg Limestone was reached in this well at a depth
of about 510 feet. The first 170 feet of the Vicksburg is prevail¬
ingly light colored or white and fossiliferous. Below 680 feet
the limestone is as a rule brownish in color, compact and harder
in texture and not so fossiliferous. The amount of flow, the
pressure and the temperature increased as the deeper layers of the
Vicksburg Limestone were penetrated.
The formations lying above the Vicksburg Limestone can
scarcely be differentiated. The Jacksonville formation, Miocene,
is reached at the depth of 33 feet. At ‘about 320 feet some clays
resembling fuller’s earth were obtained. At from 415 to 420 feet
light colored clayey limestones were encountered. With these
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 179
exceptions the interval from 37 feet to 510 feet consists largely
of an olive green sandy man.
An analysis of the water of the public supply at Jacksonville
was made in 1898. Analyst, Albert Leeds,
Technology. The analysis is as follows
Constituents.
Silica and insoluble matter . 0.729
Alumina . 0.047
Carbonate of lime . 3.866
Sulphate of lime . 4.053
Sulphate of magnesia . 2.927
Sulphate of soda . 5.843
Chlorides of soda . 4.811
Free ammonia . . .
Albuminoid ammonia .
is, Stevens
Institute of
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
. . 0.729
12.497
. . 0.047
8.057
. . 3.866
66.274
. . 4.053
69.480
. . 2.927
50.177
. . 5.843
100.166
. . 4.811
82.474
0.143
0.044
The following is an analysis of the water from the well of
the Florida East Coast Railway, at South Jacksonville. The well
is 651 feet deep. The analysis is by the American Water Soften¬
er Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
Grains per
Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Calcium carbonate .
. 32
5.48
Calcium sulphate . .
. 15.00
257.14
Calcium chloride .
. 1.23
21.08
Magnesium carbonate .
. 5.94
101.82
Sodium chloride .
. 0.69
11.82
Free carbon dioxide .
. 0.41
7.02
Iron, aluminum and silica . .
. . . . 0.09
1.54
Incrusting solids .
. 22.59
387.26
Non-incrusting solids .
. 0.69
11.82
Total solids .
. 25.90
444.00
The following is a log of this well obtained through Mr. G. A.
Miller, as reported by the driller, Mr. H. Walker.
Feet.
Dark sand . 0- 6
Clay . 6- 7
White sand . 7- 9
Gravel . ! . 9- 13
180 FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
White clay . 13- 17
White clay and sand . 17- 31
Hard rock, clay and rock . 31- 35
Blue clay . 35-50
Rock . 50- 56
White clay and sand . 56- 89
Sand . 89- 90
White clay and sand . 90-129
Soft rock . 129-130
Blue clay and sand . . . 130-200
Loose sand . .200-201
Tough clay and sand . 201-310
Sand . 310-312
Loose sand . 312-355
Clay and sand . 355-365
Clay . .365-387
Clay and gravel . 387-388
Rock . ....388-396
White clay . . 396-406
Rock and clay . ..406-412
Hard rock . 412-414
Clay with thin strata of soft rock . 414-451
Clay and sand . 451-465
Blue clay . 465-477
Sand . 477-481
Soft sandy rock . 481-486
Sand . 486-492
Loose sand . 492-501
Hard rock . 501-510
Soft rock . 510-536
Limestone . 536-650
MANDARIN.
Mandarin lies within the flowing area which borders the St.
Johns River. Several wells have been put down in this section.
A well near Mandarin, drilled by H. Walker for J. D. Mead,
reached a total depth of 600 feet. This well is cased 377 feet
and the water is reported as rising 60 feet above the surface.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 181
MANHATTAN BEACH.
The following is a log of a well drilled at Manhattan Beach
by H. VanDorn for the Florida East Coast Railway. This well
flows 15,000 gallons per hour through a two-inch pipe. The
pressure at the surface is 20.5 pounds. The record has been
obtained through Mr. G. A. Miller.
Feet.
Sand . . 0- 35
Clay . 35- 47
Clay resembling soapstone . , . 47- 90
Clay . 90-140
Soft rock . 140-155
Clay . 155-160
Soft rock . 160-170
Sand and clay . 170-185
Sand . . 185-210
Clay . 210-275
Rock . 275-280
Clay . 280-290
Rock . . 290-292
Sand and clay . 292-310
Rock . . ! . 310-311
Clay . 311-320
Sand and clay . 320-340
Clay . 340-350
Sand . 350-357
Clay . . 357-361
Rock . 361-363
Clay . 363-369
Rock . 369-370
Clay . 370-385
Rock . 385-387
Sand . 387-390
Rock . 390-391
Clay . 391-395
Rock . 395-396
Clay . 396-398
Rock . 398-404
Water-bearing rock . 404-450
Soft rock . 450-490
Hard rock . 490-520
Water-bearing rock . 520-540
182 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Hard and soft rock in thin layers . 640-555
Soft rock . 555-57G
Hard and soft rock in thin layers . 576-GOO
MAXVILLE.
Maxville is located on the Seaboard Air Line Railway, near
the southwestern corner of Duval County. The elevation at this
point is, according to the profiles of the railroad, about 93 feet
above sea. A well drilled at this place in 1902 for Mr. R. V.
Douglass is reported to have reached the depth of 650 feet. This
well is non-flowing.
MAYPORT.
The following is an analysis of the water of the well of the
Florida East Coast Railway at Mayport. The well is 600 feet
deep and has a pressure of 22 pounds. Analysis by the American
Water Softener Company, Philadelphia, Pa. :
Grains per Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Calcium carbonate .
. 3.57
60.20
Calcium sulphate .
. 5.33
91.37
Magnesium carbonate .
. 4.46
76.45
Sodium carbonate .
. 70
] 2.00
Sodium chloride . . . .
. 2.45
42.00
Free carbon dioxide .
. .32
5.48
Iron, aluminum and silica .
. .33
5.65
Incrusting solids .
. 13.69
234.68
Non-incrusting solids .
. 3.13
53.65
Total solids .
. 18.09
310.11
The following is a log of a well drilled at Mayport by B. S.
Partridge for the Florida East Coast Railway. The record has
been made available by Mr. G. A. Miller :
Feet.
Sand and muck . 0- 57
Rock . 57- 61
Sand . 61- 85
Rock . 85- 87
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 183
Clay . 87-160
Rock . .160-165
Clay . 165-200
Sand . 200-240
Clay . 240-275
Rock . 275-280
Sand . 280-350
Rock . 350-353
Clay . . . 353-363
Rock . 363-366
Clay . 366-375
Rock . 375-379
Sand . 379-400
Clay . . 400-440
Soft rock . 440-447
Soft water-bearing rock . 447-627
Hard rock . 627-630
ST. JOHNS COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
St. Johns County lies in northeastern Florida, bordering the
Atlantic Ocean. On the north it joins Duval County and on the
south Volusia County. The western boundary is formed by the
St. Johns River. The county has a total length of sixty miles.
In width it varies from eighteen to twenty-four miles. The total
area is approximately 1,000 square miles.
Owing to the location of St. Johns County between the St.
Johns River, on the west, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, no
great variation in elevation is to be expected. It is probable,
however, that small areas in the interior of the county lie above
the fifty-foot contour. In passing from St. Augustine to Jack¬
sonville, levels made by the Florida East Coast Railway show
near the county line an elevation over a small area of 57 feet.
The greatest elevation recorded between St. Augustine and Hast¬
ings is in the vicinity of Hurds. A line of levels run from the
coast at St. Augustine, at the instance of Mr. B. A. Carter, gave
for Hurds an elevation of thirty-eight feet. Revels obtained from
the U. S. Engineers’ Office, Jacksonville, Florida, give, for a point
184
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
a short distance east of Hurds, a level of thirty-six feet. From
East Palatka south information regarding elevation is unfortu¬
nately very deficient. From the fact that such wells as have been
put down at Dinner Island, Espanola, Bunnell and Dupont, are
non-flowing, it is probable that this part of the county is above
the twenty-five-foot contour line, and parts of this area may, in
fact, approach or exceed the fifty-foot contour. Along the west
side of the county bordering the St. Johns River areas varying
in width from 3 to 10 or more miles lie below the twenty-five-
foot contour line.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The Vicksburg Limestone is the chief source of the artesian
water supply of St. Johns County, although a small flow is prob¬
ably obtained before reaching this formation. The Vicksburg
Limestone consists of alternating hard and soft fossiliferous
strata and is usually easily recognized. At St. Augustine, accord¬
ing to determinations made by Dr. W. H. Dali,* fossils charac¬
teristic of this formation were obtained from a depth of 224 feet.
At Hastings, 17 miles southwest of St. Augustine, well records
indicate that a limestone similar in character to the Vicksburg is
reached at a depth of from 175 to 200 feet. At Orange Mills, in
Putnam County, 3 miles southwest of Hastings, Orbitoides, ap¬
parently representing some member of the Vicksburg group,
were obtained at a depth reported at 110 feet. At the time the
sample was received the well was drilled to a total depth of only
130 feet. Toward the northern part of St. Johns County the
Vicksburg Limestone probably dips deeper, since, at Jacksonville,
this formation is first reached at a depth of about 524 feet.
The superficial material in this county is largely Pleistocene
and recent sands together with Pleistocene and recent shell de¬
posits. Oscillations of level have affected the surface elevation,
and consequently the relative extent of land and water area in
this county within comparatively recent time. That this part of
the State stood at a lower level during a part of Pleistocene time
is evident from the occurrence of marine shell deposits of Pleisto-
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 185
cene age at some distance inland and at an elevation of several
feet above the present sea level. Oyster banks, probably of
Pleistocene age, are exposed along a small drainage ditch on
the farm of A. W. Corbett, four miles southwest of St. Augus¬
tine, at an elevation of at least 15 to 20 feet above the present
sea level. That this depression during Pleistocene time was
general for this part of the State is indicated by the evidence
already given.
The identification of the formations lying above the Vicksburg
limestones and beneath the superficial sands, from well records
alone is a matter of difficulty. This interval in St. Johns County
is occupied largely by clays, although some sand, shell and rock
strata occur.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY.
The areas of flowing and non-flowing wells in St. Johns
County are indicated on the accompanying map.
The shaded lines on the map indicate the area in which flow¬
ing artesian wells can be obtained in this county. As will be
seen from the map the flowing area borders the Atlantic coast
and the St. Johns River, and has a width along the coast and also
along the St. Johns of from two or three to eight or ten miles.
The flowing area extends inland following the streams. So far
as present records show, a narrow strip extending north and
south through the central part of the county is non-flowing. A
fresh water spring is reported to occur in the ocean opposite
Matanzas. Springs of this character represent the natural escape
of the underground waters into the ocean.
LOCAL DETAILS.
ANASTASIA ISLAND.
A six-inch well, drilled in 1895, at South Beach, on Antastasia
Island, reached a total depth of 260 feet. A strong flow of sul¬
phur water was obtained -from this well.
*U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 84, p. 125, 1892.
186 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Fig. 7. — Map showing the area of artesian flow in St. Johns County.
The area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading.
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 187
ARMSTRONG.
Flowing wells have been obtained in the vicinity of Armstrong.
A four-inch well, drilled in 1908, for J. W. Williams by N. H.
Monck, reached a total depth of 200 feet. This well is cased 70
feet and the water is reported to rise 12 feet above the surface.
BUNNELL.
An effort was made in 1909 to obtain a flowing well at Bun¬
nell. A five-inch well was drilled at this place by Mr. N. H.
Monck for Messrs. Lambert & Moody. This well was cased to
a depth of 130 feet and is reported to have been drilled to a total
depth of 300 feet. A flow is not obtained in this well, although
the water rises to within about two feet of the surface.
A second well owned by Messrs. Lambert & Moody, drilled
by Bellough & Melton in 1910, is 128 feet deep. The following
log of this well was supplied by the drillers :
Feet.
Surface material and sand . 0 -45
Blue clay . 45 - 90
Black material looking like' gunpowder or pepper . 90 -109
Blue clay . 109 -119
Shell and sand . 119 -124
Blue hard rock . 124 -124^4
Cavity 6-inch, sand and shell. Water rises to within
1.4 feet of surface . 124^2-125
Blue hard rock, more water, with same head ; drilling
stopped in second cavity . 125 -128
DINNER ISLAND.
A record of one well has been obtained at Dinner Island.
This is a three-inch well drilled by Mr. H. Mervin for Padgett
& Company. It has a total depth of 200 feet and does not
flow, although the water is reported to rise to within two feet of
the surface.
ELKTON.
Flowing wells are obtained at Elkton. A five-inch well drilled
by N. H. Monck, in 1908, on the Middleton farm, reached a total
188
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
depth of 260 feet. The well is cased 100 feet and the principal
supply of water comes from a depth of 200 feet. The water is
reported to rise five feet above the surface.
ESPANOLA.
A few wells occur in or near Espanola. The wells immedi¬
ately in the town do not flow. Flowing wells are obtained, how¬
ever, from one to five miles south, along Flaw Creek.
FEDERAL POINT.
Federal Point lies within the flowing area bordering the St.
Johns River. A considerable number of wells have been drilled
in the vicinity of this place. The material encountered here, to
the depth of about 125 feet, consists largely of clays. Water is
obtained at a depth of from 200 to 250 feet, the wells terminating
in limestone.
The following is a partial log of the well of Messrs. Hubbard
and Hart, one-fourth mile northwest of Federal Point. This is
a six-inch well drilled by Lloyd Crary in 1889. The well has a
total depth of 225 feet and is cased 60 feet. The water is re¬
ported to rise twenty feet above the surface or about thirty feet
above sea level. The principal supply is obtained at a depth of
two hundred feet.
Feet.
Record incomplete, said to consist largely of clays,
bluish in color except where oxidized yellow at surface 0-128
A sample from the depth of 128 feet consists of frag¬
ments of dark-colored rock, more or less water
worn, including small sharks’ teeth, fragments of
bones, occasional shining black phosphatic pebble's . 128-130
Yellowish sandy clays . 130-145
Dark fossiliferous rock. Fragments of this rock are
of grayish color and contain inclusions of a dark-
colored mineral similar in character to rock, found
at St. Augustine at a depth of 178 feet. Sharks’
teeth and black phosphatic pebble's also occur as
well as numerous shell fragments . 145-130'
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 189
A mixed sample contained material similar to above
with addition of gray sandy clay .
Buff colored sandy clay . . .
White granular fossiliferous limestone .
This well probably reaches the Vicksburg group of limestones,
as indicated by sample, from the depth of 180 to 225 feet. The
material obtained between the depth of 168 and 180 feet may
represent the Upper Oligocene, as it has certain lithological re¬
semblances to parts of the Alum Bluff formation. The conglom¬
erate material from 145 to 160 feet together with a part of the
overlying clays probably represents the Jacksonville formation
of the Miocene.
HASTINGS.
Hastings is in the western part of St. Johns County, and is
located on Deep Creek, a tributary to the St. Johns River. The
town site is inland about three miles from the river. The eleva¬
tion at Hastings, at the residence of T. H. Hastings, is, according
to the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 8 feet above sea.
A considerable number of artesian wells have been put down
at and in the vicinity of Hastings. Record has been obtained of
fifty-one wells within a radius of three miles of the town.
Wells at Hastings are largely used for irrigating purposes.
The average depth of the wells now in use is 148 to 272 feet,
although some reach a greater depth. Most of the wells are
4 to 6 inches in diameter. The length of casing used in the wells
is variable, ranging from 65 to 170 feet.
Aside from the superficial soil and sand the material penetrated
at Hastings to a depth of about 170 feet consists largely of clays
although some water-bearing sands are reported and a shell
stratum at a depth of 60 to 62 feet is specially mentioned.
At a depth of 170 to 180 feet a dark colored, very hard stratum
occurs. This rock appears from the well records to be similar in
character to the rock found at St. Augustine at a depth of 170
to 180 feet. After passing through this stratum the wells pene¬
trate limestone consisting of alternating hard and soft strata, the
160-168
168-180
180-225
190
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
flow increasing as each hard stratum is penetrated. This lime¬
stone, probably representing the Vicksburg group, has been pene¬
trated at Hastings about 200 feet or to a total depth of 365 feet,
feet.
Of the many wells at Hastings it is possible to give an in¬
dividual record of only a few. The following is a log of the
well of F. R. Allen, kindly supplied by the driller, Mr. H. Walker.
This is a 6-inch well, located three miles southeast of town. It
was drilled in May, 1908, and is used for irrigating purposes.
Feet.
Yellow clay .
Blue clay .
Shell stratum .
Clay .
Soft rock .
Clay .
Rock supplying small flow
Limestone .
Shell and limestone .
Material not reported
0 - 6
6 - 60
60 - 64
64 -160
160 -165
165 -171
171 -171J4
17154-183
183 -245
245 -300
The following is a partial log of the well of Henry Bugbee
taken from the notes kept by I. C. Peck. This is a four-inch
well drilled in 1902 and located two and one-half miles south of
Blastings. The well has a total depth of 257 feet and is cased
178 feet. It is used for irrigating purposes.
Feet.
Surface material, soil and sand . 0- 6
Mostly clay, some sand at 32 feet. Material from 38
to 70 feet not reported . 6-186
Seven feet of very hard rock through which it was
possible to drill only a few inches a day . 186-193
Porous limestone from which flowing water is obtained. . .193-208
Soft limestone, flow increasing with depth . 208-257
HOLY BRANCH.
Flowing wells are obtained at Holy Branch. A four-inch
well drilled in 1908 for Charles Slater by N. H. Monck reached a
total depth of 240 feet. This well is cased 200 feet and the water
is reported to rise 12 feet above the surface.
WATER SUPPR Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 191
The following is a log of the well of Mr. G. A. Beach, sup¬
plied by the driller, Mr. Frank Bartlett. This is a 4-inc'h well,
257 feet deep, and is cased 184 feet:
Feet.
Surface sand and soikl . 0 - 6
Red clay . 6 - 20
Hardpan, black . 20 - 24
White sand . 24 - 30
Blue clay and marl . 30 - 33
Sand and shell . 33 - 53
Blue clay and marl . 53 - 59
Shell and sand, water rises to within nine feet of surface 59 - 80
Blue clay and marl . 80 -130
Black quicksand, water plentiful . 130 -146
Very hard blue marl and clay . 146 -180
Black quicksand, water-bearing . 180 -186
Blue marl . 186 -196
Very hard black flint, water flows . ; . 196 -19714
Hard rock, flint and more water . 19714-20114
Softer limestone, more water with increase of depth . 201^4-251
HURDS.
Hurds is located on the Florida East Coast Railway, seven
miles southwest of St. Augustine. The elevation at Hurds, ac¬
cording to levels made for Mr. B. A. Carter, is 38 feet above
sea. The deepest well recorded at this point is 385 feet. This
is a 4-inch well and was drilled in 1906. It was cased to a depth
of 160 feet. This well does not flow, although the water rises to
within five feet of the surface. The well was drilled for B. A.
Carter by I. C. Peck.
MOULTRIE.
Flowing wells are obtained at Moultrie. A six-incb well put
down here for the St. Augustine Industrial School reached a
total depth of 300 feet. The water at this locality is reported to
rise 32 feet above sea level. The surface elevation in the vicinity
of Moultrie varies from 0 to about 30 feet above sea.
192
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PICOLATA.
Picolata is in the extreme western portion of St. Johns County,
almost due west of St. Augustine, on the St. Johns River. A
four-inch well, drilled about the year 1890, is now owned by
R. H. Bohn. The depth was reported to be about 300 feet. The
pressure of this well was taken January 10, 1910, and was found
to be 15 pounds. The elevation of the well is approximately 8
feet above the river. This, together with a pressure of 15 pounds,
would give the well a head of 42.65 feet above the level of the
water in the St. Johns River.
RIVERDALE.
Riverdale is a settlement along the St. Johns River, in south¬
western St. Johns 'County. At this place several artesian wells
have recently been drilled. A well 302 feet deep was sunk in
1909 by Mr. R. C. Walker for the Riverdale Land Company.
This is a six-inch well and is cased 107 feet. The well is re¬
ported to have a head of 33J^ feet above the surface and the
surface elevation above the St. Johns River is estimated to be
8 feet, which gives the well a total head of 41J^ feet. The first
rock encountered was at a depth of 175 feet, and at this depth
the water was found to be under sufficient pressure to rise to
the surface. An increase in the flow of water was reported at
a depth of 190 feet.
Mr. R. C. Walker completed on February 1, 1910, a well for
Mr. J. D. Clark. This well is six inches in diameter, 318 feet
deep, and is cased 136 feet. At the depth of 174 feet a one-foot
stratum of bluish, clayey limestone was encountered. An in¬
crease in water is recorded at the depth of 200 feet, from which
depth the first flowing water is reported. The well samples in¬
dicate that this flow comes from a very hard, bluish colored rock
and water-worn small pebbles. Immediately on passing through
this stratum, which was 19 feet in thickness, the Vicksburg Lime¬
stone was reached, as is shown by the presence of Nummulites.
This determination was made from a very complete set of samples
of the drillings from this well, kindly saved by the driller, Mr.
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 193
R. C. Walker. This limestone was penetrated for nearly 100 feet,
the total depth of the well being 318 feet. The following is a
log of this well, constructed from the notes and the samples sent
in by Mr. Walker :
Feet.
Surface sand, yellow in color. Soft water . 0- 18
Light gray sands . 18- 30
Dark gray sands, partly indurated; some clay . 30- 44
Shell, sand and gravel . 44- 55
Very dark (almost black) marl, similar in appearance
to Miocene marls, including shell fragments . . 55- 63
Light greenish sandy marl . 63- 80
Dark green marl, small shark’s tooth observed . 80-100
Gray sand and shell fragments; water . lOO-l^
Gray sand and shell, water, shark’s tooth, also minute
black phosphatic pebbles . 112-133.
Blue clayey marl . 133-135.
No sample . '. . 135-153
Blue marl with inclusions of black phosphatic pebbles . ...153-174
Blue clayey limestone; water-bearing . ..174-175.
Dark green marl with some black phosphatic pebbles . 175-200
Very hard bluish colored rock, and water-worn small
pebbles; water commenced to flow upon pene¬
trating this stratum . 200-219
Limestone, Vicksburg as indicated by the presence of
Nummulites . 219-318
ROY.
Roy is located on the Florida East 'Coast Railway, about six
miles inland from the St. Johns River. One deep well is reported
from this place. This is a four-inch well drilled by Mr. S. I.
Killingsworth for Mr. L. J. Campbell. The well has a total depth
of 298 feet and is cased 150 feet. The flow is reported to rise
four feet above the surface.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
St. Augustine, the county seat of St. Johns County, is located
on Matarizas Bay. An abundance of flowing water is obtained
at this place. Probably not less than 100 wells occur in and near
194
1'' LOR IDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
St. Augustine. Of this large number it is possible to mention
only a few.
The first considerable flow in and near St. Augustine is ob¬
tained at a depth of from 170 to 180 feet after drilling through
a five- or ten-foot stratum of dense hard rock. The material
penetrated before reaching this hard rock stratum consists largely
of sand near the surface, followed by 'blue clays with some shell
and occasional thin layers of rock. A shell stratum often de¬
scribed as “coquina” occurs at a depth of about 60 feet.
The material below the depth of about 180 feet consists of
alternating hard and soft strata, largely limestones, with probably
occasional flints. The flow of water increases as the limestone is
penetrated. The chief large increase of flow occurs at a depth
of about 520 feet and most of the wells at St. Augustine terminate
at this depth.
Water for the city of St. Augustine is obtained from two ar¬
tesian wells located about one mile north of the city. Well No. 1
was drilled in 1897 by Mr. Hugh Partridge and had originally
a depth of 371 feet. About 1903 this well was deepened to a
total depth of 550 feet. The well is 12 inches in diameter for
354 feet ; 9 inches for 17 feet, and four inches for 179 feet. It is
reported cased to a depth of 100 feet. The head of the water is
given as 33 feet above the surface or about 38 feet above sea
level. The flow of the well when first drilled in 1897 was 2,396,-
000 gallons per day (1,664 gallons per minute).
Well No. 2 is a 10-inch well and has a total depth of 500 feet.
It is cased about 140 feet. The head of the water is the same as
well No. 1 or about 38 feet above sea. The total flow of this
well is not recorded. This well was drilled in 1903 by Mr. Plorace
Walker.
The water system at St. Augustine is now owned by the city.
Formerly the city was supplied by five artesian wells, the system
then being under private ownership. These wells were located
in various parts of the city. They vary in depth from 250 to 500
feet and range from 6 to 8 inches in diameter. The first of these
wells was drilled in 188-1. They are now in use as private wells.
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 195
Several wells have been drilled at St. Augustine to supply
water to the Ponce de Peon and other hotels of the Florida East
Coast Hotel Company. One of these, commonly known as the
Ponce de Leon well, reached a total depth of 1,440 feet, and is
the deepest well in St. Johns County. The following log of this
well has been made up from records kindly supplied by Messrs.
McGuire & McDonald, under whose direction the well was
drilled, supplemented by a partial set of samples from the boring.
The original intention was to go to a depth of about 3,000 feet
:'n the expectation of obtaining warm water. The well was begun
November 27, 1886, and drilling continued until February 24
of the following year. Owing to delay caused by the loss of the
drill, boring was finally discontinued at the depth of about 1,440
feet.
Feet.
Sand. Temperature’ of the water at 35 feet,
60 degrees F.
0-
35
Sand, with some shell .
35-
50
Blue clay .
50-
57
Shell .
57-
65
Sand .
65-
76
Indurated clay and sand .
76-
95
Blue clay and black sand, pieces of hard
stone. Tern-
perature of the water 72 degrees at
110 feet, 74
degrees at 170 feet. Head 32 feet above sea. Sul¬
phur water, 50 gallons per minute at 170 feet . 95- 170
Hard rock. Temperature of water 76 degrees at 177
feet. Flow 350 gallons per minute at 177 feet . 170- 177
Limestone. Flow 1,800 gallons per minute at 350 feet.. 177- 350
Limestone. Temperature of water 76 degrees at 410
feet. Flow of 2,083 gallons per minute’ at 410 feet.. 350- 410
Limestone . 410- 495
Dense light brown limestone. Temperature of water 79
degrees at 520 feet. Head 42 feet above sea at 520
feet. Flow of 4,860 gallons per minute at 520 feet. . 495- 520
White “chalk,” green clay, dark porous limestone . 520- 557
Limestone . . 557- 675
Hard rock . 675- 685
Limestone . 685- 770
Limestone, gray to light yellow . 770- 960
Thin stratum of hard limestone, followed by limestone
similar to above. Temperature of water 80 degrees
196
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
at 1,110 feet. Flow of 6,075 gallons per minute' at
1,110 feet . 960-1110
Hard rock, said to be sandstone, with some flint . 1110-1140
Material not recorded . 1140-1170
“Sandstone,” followed by limestone. Temperature' of
water 85 degrees at 1,225 feet . 1170-1225
Limestone, as above . 1225-1278
“Sandstone.” Sample not seen . 1278-1293
Fossiliferous limestone . 1293-1340
Fossiliferous limestone, easily penetrated. Temperature
of water 86 degrees at 1,340 feet . 1340-1390
Denser limestone . 1390-1440
The following is a log of the well of Mr. W. J. Sherman.
This well was drilled by the owner in 1886 and is 210 feet deep.
It is two inches in diameter and is cased 110 feet. The head is
reported to be 32 feet above sea and the flow about 80 gallons per
minute :
Feet.
Sand . 0 - 5
Clay . 5 - 6
White quicksand . 6 - 11
Clay . 11 - 11%
Coarse pebbles and some shells., . 11%- 43
Coarse gray to greenish sands, water-bearing; slight flow 43 - 45
White plastic clay and fine sand . 45 - 90
Greenish clay, very compact . 90 -142
Hard rock . 142 -143
Greenish clay with a mixture of black sand . 143 -172
Hard rock; water rises 32 to 37 feet above sea . 172 -180
White chalk rock (probably Vicksburg) . 180 -210
SWITZERLAND.
Switzerland is located in the area of artesian flow on the St.
Johns River, in the northwestern part of St. Johns County. Wells
at this locality reach a depth of from 350 to 500 feet, and the
water is reported to rise 29 to 30 feet above the surface.
YELVINGTON.
Records of two wells have been obtained from and near Yel-
vington. Well No. 1 is located near Yelvington depot and is
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 197
owned by E. E. Campbell. This well was drilled by Frank Bart¬
lett in 1909 and reached a total depth of 352 feet. It is reported
as having 95 feet of four-inch casing. The head of this well was
measured December 11, 1909. The water was found to stand at
this time 7 J4 feet below the surface.
Well No. 2 is located one mile west of Yelvington depot. It
is a four-inch well and is owned by Campbell & Killingsworth.
This well was drilled in 1907 by S. I. Killingsworth and is re¬
ported to be 300 feet deep and cased 180 feet. The water is said
to stand two feet below the surface.
CLAY COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Clay County has a varied topography. The eastern portion,
bordering the St. Johns River, is low and flat and consists largely
of open pine woods. Extending westward from the river the
elevation rises and the country becomes more rolling. The county
is intersected by a number of streams, the largest of which is
Black 'Creek, a tributary to the St. Johns River. This stream is
navigable for small boats to or above Middleburg, at which point
it divides, forming the north and south forks. The north fork
rises in Lake Kingsley, and with its tributaries drains the north¬
western part of the county. The south fork rises in Blue Pond
and other lakes and drains the central part of the county. In the
southwestern part of the county many small lakes occur.
The elevations in this county have been obtained from the
levels made by the railroads crossing the county, including the
Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line and the Georgia
Southern and Florida Railway. In addition levels made during
1909 by the U. S. engineers in connection with a preliminary
survey for a ship canal have been available. These levels show
that the water level in Lake Kingsley stood at the time the levels
were made 170 feet above sea. The measurements of depth show
that this lake averages 58 to 60 feet, although one place was found
at which the depth exceeded 78 feet, the full length of the sound-
198
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
in g line. The country surrounding this lake stands at or about
175 feet above sea. According to the levels made by the Seaboard
Air Line Railway the town of Highland, in the northwestern part
of the county, stands 210 feet above sea. Newburg and Brook¬
lyn, in the lake region of the southwestern part of the county,
have elevations, as recorded by the Georgia Southern and Florida
Railway, of 155 and 157 feet, respectively.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
Most of the flowing wells of Clay County terminate in the
Vicksburg Limestone. The first flow at Green Cove Springs, in
the eastern part of the county, is obtained at a depth of from
325 to 400 feet.
The Miocene formations underlie much if not all of Clay
County. In the pit of Union Brick Company, at Middleburg, the
following section was observed :
Feet.
Eoose sand and soil . 1
Sandy clays oxidized red . . 7
Blue sticky clay, comparatively free from sand . 10
Eight-colored sands . 3
The clay exposed in this pit is probably the same as the clays
in the clay pit near Jacksonville. Beneath these clays, as indi¬
cated by well borings, calcareous and phosphatic Miocene rocks
are encountered. This part of the Miocene, the Jacksonville for¬
mation, is exposed at many localities along Black Creek and its
tributaries. The section exposed at High Bluff, on the south
fork of Black Creek, about five miles above Middleburg, has
already been given.
Other exposures of this formation were noted at the following
localities along the river. At Fowler’s Landing, on the south
fork of Black Creek, three miles above Middleburg, fifteen feet
of the Jacksonville formation is exposed. At Buddington’s Land¬
ing, one and one-half miles above Middleburg, seventeen feet of
the Jacksonville formation is exposed. Hogan’s Landing, just
below Middleburg, shows twenty-eight feet of the Jacksonville
WATER SUPPT Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 199
formation. A bluff at the mouth of the south fork shows twenty-
five feet of the Jacksonville formation. A bluff on the north bank
Fig. 8. — Map showing the areas of artesian flow in Clay and Putnam
Counties. The' area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated
by shading.
200
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of the north forks, one and one-half miles from Middleburg,
shows three feet of the Jacksonville formation.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN CLAY COUNTY.
The area of artesian flow in Clay County is confined to that
portion bordering the St. Johns River and its tributaries. As has
already been stated, upon leaving these streams the elevation soon
becomes too great for a flow to be obtained. The location of
successful flowing wells, together with the consideration of the
elevation, will aid in the determination of the flowing and non¬
flowing sections , in the county. The flowing area in this county
is outlined on t'he accompanying map :
LOCAL DETAILS.
DOCTORS INLET.
A well owned by D. D. Denham and drilled in 1908 by D. C.
Stafford is located near Doctors Inlet. This is a four-inch well,
372 feet deep, in w'hich the water is said to rise twelve to fifteen
feet above the surface.
A second well, two and a half miles east of Doctors Inlet, was
drilled by H. Mervin for Messrs. DeLoach & Edwards in 1907.
This is a three-inch well and is 400 feet deep. It is reported cased
120 feet and the water is said to rise twelve feet above the sur¬
face. Blue marl or clay from the depth of 198 to 398 feet is re¬
ported as encountered in this well. Immediately below this blue
marl or clay the first hard rock was struck.
GREEN COVE SPRINGS.
€>
Green Cove Springs, the county seat of Clay County, is sup¬
plied with water from two artesian wells. These wells are under
private ownership. One is owned by N. B. Ivey, the other by
O. A. Buddington. The well owned by Mr. Ivey is 815 feet
deep, four inches in diameter, and cased 556 feet. The well is
reported to have a head of 23 feet above the surface. The eleva-
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 201
tion of the well above the St. Johns River is given as 24 feet,
thus giving the well a total head of 47 feet above the level of
the water in the St. Johns River. The first flow in this well was
encountered at a depth of 400 feet.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well drawn
January 6, 1910. Analysis made for the State Survey in the
office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst:
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (Si02) . 7
Chlorine (Cl) . 9
Sulphates (SO4) . 7
Phosphates (PO4) . 0
Carbonates (CO3) . 0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . ITT
Magnesium (Mg) . 4
Calcium (Ca) . 16
Iron and Alumina (Fe and Al) . Trace
Loss on Ignition . 67
Total dissolved solids . 155
Aside from the above well, the following two records of wells
have been obtained : A well on the property of Mrs. George Hal-
liday (known as the Borden estate), is 825 feet deep and six
inches in diameter. The head is reported as 25 feet above the
surface. A little southeast of this well is one owned by L. A.
Hamilton. This has a reported depth of 785 feet, is six inches
in diameter and is cased 100 feet. The head is given as 25 feet
above the surface. A well four and one-half miles southwest of
%
Green Cove Springs, drilled by H. Mervin in 1907 for the TaVilla
Turpentine Company, is mon-flowing. This well contains 128 feet
of three-inch casing and 320 feet of two-inch casing. It is 406
feet deep and the water stands 17 feet below the surface. The
first rock noted in this well was at a depth of 170 feet.
A well directly east of Green Cove Springs and across the
St. Johns River is owned by W. A. Hallows. This well was
drilled by N. B. Ivey and is used for irrigation and general do¬
mestic purposes. It is 500 feet deep, six inches in diameter and
is cased about 200 feet. The water is reported to rise 35 feet
above the surface.
202
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Another well owned by N. B. Ivey is located about two miles
southwest of Green Cove Springs. This well is used for irriga¬
tion and was sunk by the owner in 1907. It is a four-inch well
and is reported to be 500 feet deep. At this depth the water is
reported to rise five feet above the surface.
HIBERNIA.
One well is reported from Hibernia. This well was com¬
menced July 20, 1885, and was finished in October of the same
year. It was drilled by O. H. Wade for F. A. Fleming. The
well is 468 feet deep, four inches in diameter and is cased 377
feet. This well when first drilled, in 1885, had a pressure of 23
pounds. Unfortunately, when visited in January, 1910, the
pressure could not be obtained. The elevation of the well is
about 25 feet above the St. Johns River. A pressure of 23
pounds will cause the water to rise 53.1 feet above the surface,
or about 68.1 feet above the St. Johns River. The first water¬
bearing stratum in this well was, reported at a depth of 400 feet,
and the first rock noted was at a depth of 120 feet.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well drawn
December 17, 1909. Analysis made for the State Survey in the
office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst :
Constituents.
Silica (SiCU) .
Chlorine (Cl) .
Sulphates (SO4) .
Phosphates (PO4) .
Carbonates (CO3) .
Bicarbonates (HCO3) .
Sodium and potassium (Na and K)
Magnesium (Mg) . . .
Calcium (Ca) .
Iron and alumina (Fe' and Al) .
Loss of ignition .
Total dissolved solids .
Parts per million.
5
0
0
. . 98
. . 23
5
. . 14
Trace
45
122
LENO.
There are two deep wells at Leno, owned by the Leno Tur¬
pentine Company, and drilled in 1903 by H. Mervin. One well,
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 203
404 feet deep, is four inches in diameter and the water stood
when measured January 6, 1910, 12.5 feet from the surface. The
second well is two inches in diameter and 220 feet deep. The
water is reported to stand at about the same level.
MAGNOLIA SPRINGS.
Magnolia Springs, a station on the Atlantic Coast Line Rail¬
road, one mile north of Green Cove Springs, takes its name
from a small spring located along the western bank of the St.
Johns River. A four-inch well owned by O. D. Seavey, pro¬
prietor the Magnolia Springs Hotel, was sunk by W. J. Sher¬
man in 1882. This well is said to be 325 feet deep and flows
several feet above the surface, although the exact head could
not be obtained. This water is bottled and sold as a medicinal
and table water. The following analysis shows the mineral con¬
stituents. Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., School of Mines,
Columbia College, New York, N. Y. :
\
Constituents.
Sulphate of potash .
Sulphate of lime .
Chloride of sodium .
Carbonate of soda .
Carbonate of lime . .
Oxide of iron and alumina
Silica . . .
Organic and volatile matter
Parts per million.
. Trace
. 21.3
. 14.4
. 26.1
. 40.4
. Traces
. 31.0
. 16.4
190.4
Two other wells occur on this same property, but a record
of these was not obtained. They are both reported to furnish
an abundant supply of water and are used for general household
purposes.
middleburg.
Middleburg lies in the north-central portion of Clay County,
just at the point where Black Creek divides, forming the north
and south forks. There are several flowing wells in the vicinity
of Middleburg. The wells vary in depth from 355 to 498 feet.
204
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The 498-foot well is owned by George A. Chalker and was drilled
in 1907 by D. 'C. Stafford. The well is six inches in diameter
at the top and one and a quarter inches at the bottom. The pres¬
sure of this well as indicated by the pressure gauge, January 10,
1910, was 18.5 pounds, or a pressure sufficient to cause the water
to rise 42.7 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well is
approximately 24 feet above the level of the water in Black
Creek; thus, with the head of 42.7 feet above the surface, would
give the well a total head of 67.7 feet above the water in Black
Creek. The temperature, of the water at the point of overflow
was reported as 72° F. The first rock of which note was made
was at a depth of 68 feet.
The well of C. C. Howard, two miles northeast of Middle-
burg, has a depth of 490 feet. The well was bored by D. C.
Stafford in 1907, is cased 80 feet, and is four inches in diameter.
The pressure of this well could not be taken, but it is reported
to have a head of 21 feet above the surface.
Another well, two and a half miles northwest of Middleburg,
was sunk by D. C. Stafford for Messrs. Long & Buddington, in
1907. The exact depth of this well could not be obtained, but
it was reported to have a depth of about 370 feet. The well
flows and gives an abundant supply of water, but measurement
of the head could not be made.
In addition to the above wells is one eight and one-half miles
northwest of Middleburg, or six miles southeast of Maxville, on
the west bank of Yellow 'Water Creek, a tributary of the north
fork of Black Creek. This well is located in the northwest part
of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 17,
Township 4, Range 24 east. It is owned by Messrs. Long &
Buddington, and is said to be 370 feet deep. It is a three-inch
well and was drilled in 1907 by D. C. Stafford. The head of
this well is reported to be 30 feet above the surface and the first
flow encountered was at a depth of 44 feet in a stratum of black
pebbles.
WATER SUPPEY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ERORIDA. 205
PEORIA.
A deep well was put down by Mr. Joseph Doyle at Peoria.
This well was drilled to a total depth of 498 feet. The water
rises to the surface, giving a slight flow. The well is located about
one-half mile west of Peoria station and on the ridge probably
40 or 50 feet above the St. Johns River.
RUSSELL.
One flowing well is reported from Russell. This well is now
owned by the Florida Farmers’ Land Company and was drilled
by L. J. Campbell. The well flows several feet above the sur¬
face, but a measurement could not be made and information in
regard to the depth and size was not procured. It is used for
general drinking purposes.
WALKILL.
A deep well at Walkill, drilled by H. Mervin in 1903 for
E. B. Willcoxon & Company, reached a total depth of 352 feet.
This well contains 128 feet of three-inch casing and 330 feet of
two-inch casing. The water is reported to rise 25 feet above the
surface.
WEST TO COI.
A record of one well has been obtained from West Tocoi.
This is a three-inch well, reported to have a depth of 313 feet,
and is owned by the R. W. Mattox Company. The head of this
well is given as 21 feet above the surface.
WILLIAMS CROSSING.
Messrs. De Loach and Edwards have one deep well at Wil¬
liams Crossing. This well is 395 feet deep and is three inches
in diameter and was sunk by H. Mervin in June, 1907. The
pressure of this well, as shown by the pressure gauge, January
206
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
6, 1910, was eight and one-half pounds or a pressure sufficient to
cause the water to rise 19.6 feet above the surface.
PUTNAM COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Putnam County lies bordering the St. Johns River. On the
north it joins Clay County, and on the south Marion and Volusia
Counties. The total area of the county is 772 square miles. The
elevation increases inland from the St. Johns River. At Flora-
home, in the northern part of the county, along the line of the
Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, an elevation is reached
of 150 feet. On the Rochelle branch of the Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad an elevation of 105 feet occurs at Interlachen, in the
central part of the county. That part of the county bordering
the St. Johns River includes palmetto flatwoods and some open
flatwoods. Much of the southern and western part of the county
is occupied by the lake region, many small, beautiful lakes oc¬
curring in this section.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The data regarding the formations reached by the wells in
Putnam County is very meager, owing to the fact that few well
samples have been preserved.
After passing through the superficial sands in this county,
calcareous clay and sands are reached, in which are imbedded
black p'hosphatic pebbles and water- worn gravels. From such
imperfect information as has been obtained it seems probable
that some of the wells terminate in this formation and do not
reach the Vicksburg Limestone. The log of a well at Orange
Mills, which terminated in loose, clear-grained sand at a depth
of 160 feet, is given on a subsequent page. A second well within
a half-mile of this well apparently reached the Vicksburg Lime¬
stone at or about the depth of 160 feet. Samples from the well
of B. F. Dotney, at San Mateo, drilled in 1909, by H. Mervin,
show the presence of black phosp'hatic pebbles as deep at least
WATER SUPPEY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 207
as 175 or 180 feet. At a depth of 315 feet light-colored calcare¬
ous sands were penetrated. It is probable, as these wells seem
to indicate, that the Vicksburg Limestone here, as at some other
localities, has a very irregular top surface.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN PUTNAM COUNTY.
The flowing area of Putnam County includes a relatively
narrow strip bordering the St. Johns River and its tributaries.
Upon leaving the river the elevation rises and flowing wells are
not obtained. The flowing area in this county is indicated by
shading on the map.
LOCAL DETAILS.
BOSTWICK.
Flowing wells are obtained at Bostwick. A three-inch well,
drilled in 1904 for J. W. Glisson by H. Mervin, reached a total
depth of 248 feet. This well is reported cased 60 feet and the
water is reported to rise 18 feet above the surface.
Another well three and one-half miles northeast of Bostwick
was drilled in 1906. This well is now owned by the R. W. Mat¬
tox Company and is used for the general supply around the tur¬
pentine camp. It is a three-inch well and reached a total depth
of 215 feet.
CRESCENT CITY.
Crescent City lies in southeastern Putnam County, on the
western shore of Crescent Lake. Immediately along this west¬
ern border flowing wells are obtained.
The first flow of water at this locality is obtained from a
shell stratum lying from 30 to 60 feet below the surface. Most
of the wells at Crescent City terminate at this depth. In some
instances this shell stratum is reported absent and in such cases
the water is reported as coming from a very fine sand. The
water from this depth is usually more or less hard and is impreg-
208
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
nated with 'hydrogen sulphide gas. These wells are reported to
have a head of about 15 or 16 feet above the surface.
The second flow in and near Orescent City is obtained at a
depth of about 300 to 316 feet. From the immediate vicinity of
Crescent Lake westward to the St. Johns River flowing wells
are not obtained. The intervening country includes rolling, sandy
hills. Surface wells, terminating in the sands and sandy clays
furnish an abundant supply of soft water.
Aside from the use of private wells, Crescent City is supplied
with water from four artesian wells. The water supply system
is under private ownership. Two of the wells are two inches in
diameter, while one is six inches in diameter. They are all re¬
ported as reaching a depth of approximately 316 feet, and cased
about 100 feet. The wells are located on Crescent Lake and have
approximately the same elevation. The head is reported 26 feet
above the surface or about 27 feet above the level of the water
in Crescent Lake. In addition to supplying the town the flow
from one two-inch well is used for condensing purposes and for
the manufacture of ice. Part of the flow from the other three
wells is used for power to run an overshot wheel, which in turn
runs a pump, pumping the surplus flow of water to a reservoir
or tank where the water is distributed to different parts of the
city by gravity.
ORANGE MILLS.
Orange Mills is located on the Florida East Coast Railway,
midway between Hastings and East Palatka. The wells in this
vicinity are used for the purpose of irrigation. The depth of
the wells range from 143 to 200 feet. All of the wells of which
record 'has been obtained are four inches in diameter. The length
of casing used in the wells averages 60 feet.
Four wells drilled for J. H. Bahrenberg & Brother by N. H.
Monck in December, 1909, gave the following pressure : Well
No. 1 is 143 feet deep and is cased 65 feet. The pressure of this
well as shown by the pressure gauge December 4, 1909, was 5$4
pounds. Well No. 2 is 160 feet deep and is cased ?’4 feet. The
WATER SURREY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 209
pressure December 4, 1909, was 5/4 pounds. Well No. 3 is 219
feet deep and is cased 54 feet. The pressure of this well on the
same day was 5J4 pounds. Well No. 4 is 160 feet deep and is
cased 58 feet. This well was not finished at the time the pressure
of wells Nos. 1, 2 and 3 was taken. As will be seen from the
above records the pressure in the case of these three wells di¬
minished with depth. In this respect the wells are exceptional.
The amount of flow of these three wells was not obtained. The
following is the record of well No. 4, made from the samples
kindly kept by the driller :
Feet.
Sand . 0- 5
Olive green calcareous clay, with black phosphatic pebbles
and fragments of shell, and flattened water-worn
gravels . 5- 40
No sample . 40- 45
Similar or somewhat more calcareous green clay or clayey
marl. This sample' contains occasional fragments
of chert . 45- 80
This sample contains the black phosphatic water-worn
pebbles in greater number than the above sample.
Clear quartz grains are numerous. Flattened, water-
worn siliceous pebbles up to size 1x^2 inches occur... 80- 90
In this sample clear quartz grains predominate. These are
mixed with gray sand grains. Calcareous gray sand
nodules occur, water-worn chert gravels are present,
also numerous large, water-worn chert fragments.... 90-113
No sample . . . . . 113-115
Loose, clear-grained sand in mass appearing light gray and
contains a small amount of calcareous matter in the
form of fragments of shell . . 115-160
PALATKA.
Palatka, the county seat of Putnam County, is located on the
St. Johns River, 55 miles south of Jacksonville. The elevation
of the Atlantic Coast Line depot, as recorded by the U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, is thirteen feet above sea. Records from
35 wells have been obtained from and in the vicinity of Palatka.
The first flowing water encountered at Palatka is obtained
from a shell stratum at a depth varying from 30 to 60 feet. A
210
FLORIDA STATIC GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
great many wells in the city terminate at this depth. The water
from this formation is more or less hard, but is not so strongly
impregnated with hydrogen sulphide gas as is the water from
the deeper water-bearing formations.
These more shallow wells at one time ceased to flow and
pumps had to be resorted to. When the deeper wells were put
in, the shallow wells in this vicinity commenced flowing again.
As an instance of this, the well now owned by Messrs. L. H.
and W. A. Merryday and located in the yard of the Putnam
House, may be cited. This is a two-inch well and is 50 feet
deep. It is reported as being cased the total depth. TJie well
flowed when first put in, but in subsequent years had ceased to
flow. During the year 1908 Mr. H. Mervin drilled a four-inch
well for Dr. G. E. Welch about two blocks to the north. This
well reached a total depth of 220 feet and is reported cased 120
feet. Immediately on the completion of this well the Merryday
well commenced to flow. This seems to indicate that these wells
are supplied with water through leakage from the wells reaching
the deeper water-bearing strata.
The principal flow in and near Palatka is obtained from a
depth of 175 to 250 feet. At this depth an abundance of water
is obtained having a head varying from 18 to 26 feet above sea.
A measurement was made of the pressure in the well of A. D.
Curry, about three-fourths of a mile southwest of Palatka, in
December, 1909. The well at this time was found to have a
pressure of eleven and one-half pounds. The pressure was taken
at the top of the pipe which stands about two feet above the
surface of the ground.
A number of wells have been put down across the river and
in the vicinity of East Palatka. The elevation of the depot at
East Palatka, as given by the 'Coast and Geodetic Survey, is
seventeen feet above sea level. A four-inch well drilled for PI.
Hanna at this place by N. H. Monck in 1909 reached a depth of
225 feet. It is reported cased 135 feet and the water is reported
as rising fifteen feet above the surface. A second well drilled
for the Florida East Coast Railway by N. H. Monck in 1909 was
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 211
drilled to a depth of 256 feet. This is a four-inch well and is re¬
ported cased 135 feet. The water is said to rise fifteen feet
above the surface.
The following is an analysis of the water from the city well
at Palatka. The water was sent in by Dr. E. S. Crill. Analysis
made in the office of the Chemist, B. H. Bridges, analyst:
Constituents.
Silica (SiC>2) . .
Chlorine (Cl) .
Sulphate's (SO4) .
Carbonates (CO3) . .
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . . .
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Calcium oxide (CaO) . . .
Total solids .
Parts per million.
. 18.0
. 156.0
. 76.9
. 7.3
. 156.1
. 43.3
. 97.1
. 531.0
PENIAL.
A three-inch well was drilled at Penial by H. Mervin in 1904.
This well is now owned by E. E. Parker and is used for general
supply around the turpentine camp. This well reached a total
depth of 235 feet and is reported cased 110 feet. The water is
reported to rise 16 feet above the surface.
RICE CREEK.
A two-inch well drilled at Rice Creek in 1904 reached a total
depth of 175 feet. This well is reported cased 60 feet. It has a
small flow of sulphur water, perhaps 12 to 15 gallons a minute.
The head as shown by the pressure gauge December 8, 1909, is
25.1 feet above the surface.
RODMAN.
An attempt was made in 1909 to obtain a flowing well at
Rodman. Two four-inch wells were drilled by H. Mervin for
the Rodman Lumber Company. Well No. 1 reached a total depth
of 139 feet and is reported cased 110 feet. Well No. 2 has 110
212
FLORIDA STAFF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
feet of four-inch casing, 200 feet of three-inch casing and 420
feet of two-inch casing, and was drilled to a total depth of 507
feet. The head did not increase with depth in this well, as is
shown by the level of the water in either well, the head being
three and one-half feet below the surface.
Approximately one mile east of Rodman a flow is obtained.
A well drilled by H. Mervin for J. P. Buie in 1909 at this point
has a head of four feet above the surface. It is a three-inch
well and has a depth of 270 feet. The flow as measured Decem¬
ber 9, 1909, is twelve gallons per minute.
SAN MATEO.
Flowing wells are not obtained at San Mateo, the surface
elevation of the town, according to barometic readings, being
approximately sixty feet above the St. Johns River. A four-
inch well drilled for B. F. Dotney in 1900 by H. Mervin reached
a total depth of 365 feet. The water in this well rises to within
48 feet of the surface. A number of flowing wells have been ob¬
tained, however, along the river, near San Mateo.
V-CTA-;
SATSUMA.
No artesian wells are in use at Satsuma. The water used at
this place comes from surface sands or clays at a depth varying
from 25 to 46 feet. Flowing wells have been obtained along the
river west of town.
WELAKA.
Welaka is located on the St. Johns River, about twelve miles
south of Palatka. Records of two wells have been obtained at
this place. One of these is the well now owned by the Welaka
Mineral Water Company, a three-inch well, drilled in 1906. The
first water under pressure was encountered at a depth of 160
feet. Below 160 feet the size of the boring was reduced to two
inches, and was continued to a total depth of 329 feet, at which
depth a highly mineralized water is obtained. The well has 98
feet of three-inch casing and 213 feet of two-inch casing. The
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 213
elevation of the well above the St. Johns River is reported to be
22 feet. The water in the well comes to within 16 feet of the
surface or stands 6 feet above the level of the water in the St.
Johns River.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well. An¬
alysis by Robert Spurr Weston, 14 Beacon street, Boston, Mass. :
Constituents.
Silica .
Alumina .
Iron carbonate .
Calcium chloride
Calcium sulphate
Calcium nitrate .
Magnesium bromide .
Magnesium chloride .
Magnesium carbonate
Sodium chloride .
Potassium chloride . .
Parts per million.
. 12.00
. .8.57
. 12.00
. 586.32
. 697.75
. Trace
. 5.14
. 507.45
. 241.72
. 8808.52
. 13.70
A second well at Welaka is owned by Mrs. Franklin Swift
and was drilled by H. Mervin in 1909. This is a four-inch well
and has a total depth of 151 feet. It is reported to be cased 104
feet and the water is said to stand eight feet below the surface.
WOODBURN.
A well was drilled one and one-half miles northeast of Wood-
burn in 1905 by H. Mervin for J. E. Edmonson. This is a four-
inch well and has a depth of 185 feet. It is reported cased 120
feet and to have a head of five feet above the surface.
214
FLORIDA STAFF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ORANGE COUNTY *
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Orange County lies in South Central Florida, bordering the St.
0 Johns River. This county has an area of 1,250 square miles and
presents considerable diversity in soil and topography. The
northwestern one-half of the county is included within the lake
region of Florida and is dotted with innumerable small and large
lakes. This part of the county has a rolling surface topography,
the uplands rising considerably above the lakes. The eastern
and southeastern part of the county bordering the St. Johns
River is of lower elevation and consists largely of pine lands of
Fig. 9. — Map showing the area of artesian flow in Orange County.
The area in which flowing wells can be obtained is indicated by shading.
including Seminole County, which was created from Orange County
after this paper was set in type.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 215
the palmetto flatwoods type. The surface elevation in this county
varies from about 20 feet above the sea in the northern part of
the county to elevations of from 100 to 150 feet at points in the
interior.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deep wells in Orange County terminate in the Vicksburg
Limestone. At Sanford, in the northern part of the county, this
formation lies comparatively near the surface, being reached at
a depth of from 113 to 125 feet. Owing to the lack of a com¬
plete set of well samples the depth at which the formation is to
be expected in other parts of the county has not been accurately
determined. The formations lying above the Vicksburg have
not been fully differentiated. It is probable that the Miocene
occurs over the county, as the surface exposure of this formation
has been recognized at Rock Springs, in the northwestern part
of the county.*
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW OF ORANGE COUNTY.
The flowing area of Orange County is confined to a narrow
strip bordering the St. Johns River. At Sanford this strip has
a width of from three to five miles. Passing inland these low
lands quickly give place to the more elevated, rolling lands of
the lake region. With the exception of a few wells immediately
bordering some of the lakes, flowing wells in this upland section
have not been obtained. The flowing area in this county is out¬
lined on the accompanying map.
LOCAL DETAILS.
CHU-LUOTA.
A two-inch flowing well three miles east of Chuluota is owned
by Mr. G. M. Jacobs. The well is 114 feet deep, is cased 75 feet,
*Smith, E. A., On the Geology of Florida. Amer. Journ. Sei. (3) XXI,
292-309, 1881.
216
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and has a head of eight feet above the surface. The water is
used for stock.
GENEVA.
There are several non-flowing wells in Geneva, the elevation
being too great for a flowing well to be obtained. Mr. H. H.
Pattishall has a two-inch well 133 feet deep and cased 85 feet.
This well was drilled by the Geo. H. Fernald Company in 1909.
The water is said to rise to within 29 feet of the surface.
Mr. J. T. McLain owns a well one and one-half miles north
of Geneva. This is a two-inch well and is 135 feet deep. The
water is reported to rise to within 31 feet of the surface. The
water from this well is hard and is charged with hydrogen sul¬
phide. In addition to the above well Mr. McLain has two wells
on Mullet Lake, on the St. Johns Riven, about four miles slightly
west of north from Geneva. Both of the wells furnish salt water
impregnated with hydrogen sulphide and are not used. One is
seventy-five feet deep and is said to flow two feet above the sur¬
face ; the other is 135 feet deep and the water is reported to rise
within one foot of the surface. The apparent difference in head
is due to the difference in the elevation of the two wells.
Mr. W. B. Raulerson owns a two-inch well five miles north¬
west of Geneva and near the St. Johns River. This well is 76
feet deep and is cased 72 feet and furnishes a small flow of salt
water which rises a few inches above the surface. The first flow
in the well was encountered at a depth of 70 feet. An increased
flow was obtained at 72 J4 feet. The first water was reported to
be more salty than the second, as was indicated when the first
flow was cased off. Owing to inability to drill deeper with the
light drilling outfit used, the boring was discontinued. Mr.
Raulerson states that the water is more salty in seasons of drought
than in seasons of normal or heavy rainfall.
A two-inch well owned by Chase & Company, two miles south¬
east of Geneva, on Lake Harney, is 35 feet deep. This well was
sunk by F. B. Bradley and is cased 34 feet. It has a head of four
feet above the surface. The water is fresh and is only slightly
dharged with hydrogen sulphide.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 217
ORLANDO.
Orlando, the county seat of Orange County, lies in the lake
region of Florida. The elevation at the depot, as given by the
Atlantic Coast Fine Railroad, is 111 feet. Several wells have
been drilled at Orlando. These are nomflowing wells, the ele¬
vation being too great to obtain a flow. The deep wells at this
locality are used principally for drainage purposes and for irri¬
gation, the city water supply being obtained from one of the
small lakes. A few private wells in and around Orlando are used
as a source of water supply.
A well near the north edge of the city owned by Mr. F. A.
Lewter, has a total depth of 216 feet and is cased 86 feet. The
water is used for general purposes.
A second well at the ice plant is used in cooling pipes in the
manufacture of ice. This well is 470 feet deep.
The use of wells to carry off surface waters at this locality
was described in the Third Annual Report. One of these drain¬
age wells has developed at intervals the unusual phenomenon of
spouting. An account of this well, together with an explanation
of its unusual behavior is given in the report referred to, page 72.
OVIEDO.
Oviedo lies on the eastern edge of the lake region of Orange
County. The region is sandy and the topography is flat to gently
undulating. The country east of Oviedo is of the prevailing flat-
woods type bordering the St. Johns River and Lake Jessup, and
flowing wells are here obtained at comparatively shallow depths.
Both flowing and non-flowing wells occur at Oviedo, depending
on the local elevation.
Mr. N. J. Tanner’s well, about one-eighth of a mile east of the
postoffice at Oviedo, located in a depression, is about 114 feet
deep, two inches in diameter, and is cased 75 feet. The water
from this well flows just above the surface. It is a hard, sulphur
water and is used for irrigating purposes.
21 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The well of Mr. A. J. McCulley is To feet deep, two inches in
diameter and is cased TO feet. This well was sunk by the owner
in 190T. The water is reported to rise to within 14 feet of the
surface. Mr. McCulley owns another two-inch well which is T 3
feet deep, and is' cased 68 feet. The water in this well is said to
rise to within three feet of the surface. This apparent difference
in head is due largely to a difference in elevation of the wells.
A two-inch well, 11 T feet deep, one and one-quarter miles
west of Oviedo, was completed for Mr. D. W. Curry in 1910
by Mr. A. J. McCulley. This well gives a good flow of sulphur
water and had, when measured in April, 1910, a pressure of four
and one-quarter pounds, the measurement being made about five
feet above the ground. The first flow in this well was encoun¬
tered at a depth of T9 feet.
A well fourteen miles east of Oviedo, on the Econlockhatchee
Creek, furnishes a flow of salt water. This well was drilled in
190T by A. J. McCulley and is 114 feet deep, two inches in diam¬
eter, and is cased T5 feet. The first flowing water, which was
salty, was found at a depth of TO feet.
SANFORD.
Probably not less than 1,000 wells 'occur in and around San¬
ford. These wells are used for irrigating purposes and obtain
flowing artesian water at a comparatively shallow depth, the
average being from 125 to 200 feet. Bordering Lakes Monroe
and Jessup and the St. Johns River, the wells are more shallow
and terminate at a depth of from 66 to 85 feet.
The first flow in the wells at Sanford is encountered at a
depth of from 100 to 125 feet, after drilling through a rock more
or less hard and penetrating the characteristic “water rock” or
the Vicksburg Limestone. In some instances a light flow is
obtained above this harder rock immediately overlying the Vicks¬
burg. When such is the case it seems the water comes from a
quicksand or sometimes from a stratum of sand and shell. In
order to get a sufficient and permanent flow, however, the boring
is continued until the Vicksburg Limestone is reached.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 219
In a well owned by Mr. L. E. Morrow, four miles south of
Sanford, on the Sanford-Orlando public road, and drilled by
Mr. W. E. Holmes in April, 1910, the Vicksburg Limestone was
reached at a depth of 113 feet. The first flow was obtained at
a depth of 110 feet, coming from a light yellow sand. The fol¬
lowing is an approximate log of this well constructed from notes
given by the driller and from a partial set of samples kindly
saved by him :
Feet.
Surface soil . 0- 5
Yellow sand . 5- 40
Shell and sand, water, no flow . 40- 60
Sand . 60-91
Shell and sand with shark’s teeth . 91- 95
Dark blue rock with black phosphatic pebbles . . 95-100
Very dark rock . 100-101
Light yellow sand . 101-113
Vicksburg Limestone . 113-
The principal supply of water for the city of Sanford is drawn
from Lake Ada, about four miles southeast of the city. The soft
water from the lake is preferred to the hard, sulphuretted ar¬
tesian water. However, the city has four artesian wells, which
serve as a source of supply when the lake is low. These wells
are all four inches in diameter and are reported to have an aver¬
age depth of 130 feet. Measurements in regard to the volume
of flow of these wells could not be obtained.
Several flowing wells occur at Cameron City, on Lake Jessup,
about six miles southeast of Sanford. The wells here are of
about the same depth as those in and near Sanford and good
flows are obtained. The principal use of the water is for irri¬
gating purposes.
At Monroe, a station four miles northwest of Sanford, on the
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, a number of wells have been sunk.
According to reports from drillers the artesian conditions here
are essentially the same as at Sanford. A well about one-fourth
of a mile southwest of the depot was drilled for the Title, Bond
and Trust 'Company by W. E. Holmes & Son. This is a two-inch
well, 180 feet deep and cased 120 feet. The pressure of this
220
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
well April 19, 1910, was eight and one-half pounds, the measure¬
ment being made one and one-half feet above the surface. About
one-fourth mile beyond the above is a second well. This well
indicated a pressure of eight pounds, the measurement in this
instance being made three feet above the surface. Unfortunately
the total depth of this well could not be learned. A third well
about one and one-fourth miles beyond this second well indicated
Fig. 10. — Artesian well of K. Hy. Palmer on the west side of Lake Jessup.
a pressure of one pound. This well has a total depth of 201 feet,
is two inches in diameter and is cased 154 feet. As will be seen
these wells decrease in pressure on leaving the river. This de¬
crease in pressure is due to the increase in elevation. All of the
above mentioned wells are along the grade of the now abandoned
railroad from Paola to Monroe.
. Another well four miles southwest of Sanford and owned by
Mr. J. V. Weeden, terminated in the Vicksburg Limestone, as
is shown by a mixed sample of the drillings gathered after the
well was completed. Unfortunately neither the total depth of
the well nor the depth at which the Vicksburg Limestone was
reached could be learned. This well is two inches in diameter
and furnishes a good flow of water.
The well of Mr. E. Hy. Palmer, seven miles south of Sanford,
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 221
near the western shore of Lake Jessup, is 75 feet deep and was
drilled in 1907. This is a four-inch well and is cased 40 feet.
The pressure of this well as indicated by the pressure gauge, April
26, 1910, was nine and one-half pounds, or a pressure sufficient
to cause the water to rise 21.9 feet above the point of connection
of the gauge, which was three feet above the surface. The well
is estimated to be about 12 feet above Lake Jessup, which estima¬
tion will give the well a total head of 36 feet and 9 inches above
the surface of the lake.
The deepest well at Sanford is the well owned by Mr. J. E.
Pace. This well is located just outside of the known flowing area
and was sunk in the hopes of obtaining a flow. The well is six
inches in diameter to a depth of five hundred feet, below which
depth the size of the drill hole was reduced to four inches. It
has a total depth of 670 feet and the water rises to within one
and one-half feet of the surface. The well is reported cased only
94 feet. A detailed record of the well could not be obtained, but
it was stated by Mr. Pace that no apparent increase in head re¬
sulted from the increased depth, although no exact measurements
regarding this were made.
VOLUSIA COUNTY. " ! i ■; 1
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Volusia County lies between the St. Johns River and the At¬
lantic Ocean. It joins St. Johns County on the north and Bre¬
vard County on the south. The area of the land surface of this
county is approximately 1,281 square miles. Much of the eastern
part of the county is level and consists largely of palmetto flat-
woods. Bordering the Atlantic Ocean, however, is an extensive
strip of hammock known as Turnbull Hammock. Back of the
hammock is found the line of sand dunes. Bordering the St.
Johns River is found some open flatwoods. Running in a general
north and south direction through the western part of the county
is a ridge including much sandy pine land. Numerous lakes
occur in this upland section which forms a part of the lake region
of Florida. Elevations above sea level recorded by the Atlantic
222 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Coast Line Railroad which traverses this ridge are as follows :
Seville, 52 feet; Pierson, 78 feet.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
No complete set of well samples having been obtained from
any one well in Volusia County the information regarding the
underlying formations is very meager. In the city well at De-
Land the first Water was obtained at a depth of 113 feet after
passing through eight feet of clay and entering a twelve-foot
shell stratum. The stratum of shell overlies a bed of rock re¬
ported to be 24 feet thick. The next rock encountered is at a
■depth of 237 to 247 feet. At Daytona the Vicksburg Limestone,
as shown by the comparatively shallow depths of the wells, lies
close to the surface and is presumably reached at from 125 to
150 feet.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW IN VOLUSIA COUNTY.
The area of artesian flow in Volusia County is confined to a
strip bordering the Atlantic Ocean on the east and a strip on the
west bordering the St. Johns River. This area is indicated on the
accompanying map. There are no doubt areas not mapped where
flowing wells can be obtained. The area mapped, however, is
based on definite information and on well records. In the north¬
ern portion of the county flowing wells are obtained as far west
as Crescent Lake. This part of the county is flat and of low
altitude.
LOCAL DETAILS.
DAYTONA.
Daytona lies in the flowing artesian section in eastern Volusia
County, along the western bank of Halifax River. The city is
supplied with water from four artesian wells, all of which are six
inches in diameter. These wells were drilled in 1909, but in order
to obtain an increased flow were deepened in 1910 and now range
in depth from 165 to 260 feet. The 260-foot well on April 7, 1910,
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 223
had a head of 9.3 feet above the surface or approximately 13.3
feet above sea. The wells now furnish an abundant supply of
hard sulphuretted water.
Scale of Miles
0 8
Fig. 11.— Map showing the areas of artesian flow in Volusia County.
The areas in which flowing wells can be obtained are indicated by shading.
224
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In addition to the city wells above mentioned numerous pri¬
vate wells occur in and near Daytona. Of these it is possible to
list only a few. Mr. Paul Petion owns a two-inch well about two
and one-half miles south of the city. The well was drilled by
Mr. H. VanDorn in 1910. It is 145 feet deep and is cased 85
feet. The first flowing water is reported to have been encoun¬
tered at a depth of 85 feet after drilling through about one foot
of hard rock.
Messrs. Bellough and Melton completed a two-inch well for
Mr. Chas. Lee about two miles southwest of Daytona in April,
1910. This well is 130 feet deep and has a head of five feet above
the surface. The first flow is reported from a depth of 88 feet
just below a hard rock upon which the casing was landed. The
following is a log of this well as given by Mr. Melton:
Feet.
Dark sandy soil .
White marl .
Sand and shell .
Blue clay .
Sand and shell .
Limestone, medium hard. First flow at 88 feet, increase of
water with depth .
0- 6
6- 15
15- 30
30- 65
65- 87
87-130
The following is a log of Mr. H. VanDorn’s well. The well
is one-half mile west of the postoffice and was completed by Mr.
VanDorn in April, 1910. It is a four-inch well, 205 feet deep,
and is cased 83 feet :
Feet.
Dark sandy soil . 0- 3
Hardpan . 3- 5
White sand . 5- 40
Coquina and shell . 40- 45
White sand . 45- 65
Blue clay . 65- 83
Hard rock. Light flow just above this rock . 83- 84
Light-colored limestone, with harder and softer layers. In¬
crease of water with increase of depth.*. . 84-205
The wells listed are representative of the wells surrounding
Daytona. Flowing water is obtained at a comparatively shallow
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 225
depth. From the above two logs it will be seen that hard rock
was encountered at the depth of 87 and 84 feet, respectively.
Immediately under this hard rock a softer limestone is reported
and in this limestone the first flowing water is obtained. The
description of this formation given by the drillers characterizes
it as the Vicksburg which is apparently reached in this section
at a depth of not more than 125 to 150 feet.
DE LAND.
The city of DeLand, the county seat of Volusia County, lies
in the southwestern portion of the county. There are a number
of non-flowing artesian wells in and near DeLand. The city is
at present supplied by two deep wells located at the pumping
station. The six-inch well is 406 feet deep and was sunk in 1895.
This well was reduced in diameter in the process of drilling and
is cased as follows : Six-inch casing to 100 feet, four-inch casing
to 290 feet, two-inch casing to 390 feet. The second well, which
was drilled in 1906 by W. F. Hamilton, is ten inches in diameter
and is 269 feet deep. At the depth of 191 feet hard rock was en¬
countered upon which the casing was landed. The 'head of the
wells, regardless of the difference in depth, was reported to be
27 feet below the surface in both cases. The following log and
analysis of the water from this well were kindly made available
by Mr. E. D. McLeod :
Feet.
Sand . 0- 25
Clay . 25- 45
Shell . 45- 50
Rock .... . 50- 55
Sand . 55-105
Clay . 105-113
Shell, water-bearing . 113-125
Rock . . 125-149
Sand . 149-157
Rock ■ . . . . 157-197
Sand and shell . 197-237
Rock . 237-247
226
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Clay .
Sand .
Rock .
Clay . . . .
Shell and clay . .
Rock . .
Cavity with water
247-257
257-265
265-277
277-292
292-372
372-392
392-406
The following is an analysis of the water from the six-incll
city well at DeLand. Analysis by H. Herzog, Jr., Gainesville,
Fla. :
Constituents. ' Parts per million.
Total solids . 136.29
Residue after ignition (mineral matter) . 76.11
Gas and ignition (organic matter) . 60.17
Sodium chloride . 11.31
Free ammonia . .68
Albuminoid ammonia . .17
Oxygen (consuming power) . 1.54
Nitrates . .34
Nitrites . ' . None
Sulphates . 2.05
Phosphates . Trace
ENTERPRISE.
Flowing wells are obtained at Enterprise, along the shore of
Lake Monroe, and in areas where the elevation does not exceed
more than ten or twelve feet above the level of the water in the
lake. The depth of the wells in this vicinity ranges from 20 to
200 or more feet, the average depth being between 90 and 110
feet. The water is hard and is charged with hydrogen sulphide,
in some instances containing a large amount of salt. A well
owned by Mr. William S. Thayer was drilled to a depth of 98
feet. It is two inches in diameter and is cased 45 feet. The
estimated elevation of this well is 15 feet above the level of the
water in Lake Monroe. The water is reported to rise to within
three feet of the surface of the ground. An analysis of the water
from this well made in the office of the State Chemist showed
it to contain 140 parts total solids to 1,000,000 parts water. The
total solids are reported to be composed of calcium carbonate
WATER SURREY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FRORIDA. 227
(lime), sodium chloride (common salt), and magnesium sulphate
(Epsom salts).
The following is an analysis of the water of the Benson Min¬
eral Spring, located a'bout one-fourth mile west of town, and
owned by the Misses Emma and Tina Tucker. Analysis made at
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenm, by W. H. Hollenshead :
Constituents.
Potassium . .
Sodium . .
Magnesium .
Calcium . .
Iron . .
Chlorine . .
Bromine .
Carbon dioxide .
Sulphuric acid (radical) .
Silica . .
Phosphoric acid (radical)
Boric acid . . .
Organic matter .
Hydrogen sulphide .......
Parts per million.
..... 27.104
. 1805.046
. 213.047
..... 321.619
. 702
. 3389.640
. 103.206
..... 559.234
. 541.132
. 16.989
. 702
..Heavy trace
Small amount
, . . Slight trace
The above are probably combined in the water as follows :
Constituents.
Potassium sulphate
Calcium sulphate . .
Sodium bromide . .
Magnesium chloride
Sodium phosphate .
Iron chloride .
Sodium chloride . . .
Calcium chloride . .
Calcium bicarbonate
Silica . .
Carbonic acid .
Sodium biborate
Hydrogen sulphide .
Organic matter ....
Parts per million.
. 60.346
. 720.043
. 133.722
. 819.787
. 994
. 1.594
... .. 4504.371
. . . . . 76.701
..... 330.928
..... 16.989
. 379.624
. .Heavy trace
. . Slight trace
Small amount
228
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LAKE HELEN.
Lake Helen lies in the lake region of southern Volusia Count)*.
The land here is high, rolling pine woods. The elevation of the
depot at Lake Helen, as recorded by the Florida East Coast Rail¬
way, is 70 feet. The wells recorded from this place range in
depth from 130 to 238 feet. The Bond Sand-Lime Brick Com¬
pany own several three-inch wells ranging in depth from 130 to
140 feet. The water is reported to rise within 28 feet of the
surface. A well for Mr. G. W. Webster was drilled in 189?-' by
Mr. H. C. Haven. This well is 238 feet, four inches in diameter
and cased 158 feet. The first rock is reported at a depth of 78
feet. The principal water supply is obtained from a depth of
210 feet. The water is hard and is only slightly charged with
hydrogen sulphide.
NEW SMYRNA.
The artesian conditions at New Smyrna are essentially the
same as those given for Daytona. The wells in this vicinity range
in depth from 108 to 144 feet. The water is hard and is charged
with hydrogen sulphide and is used to a large extent for irrigating
purposes.
The following is an analysis of the water from the well of
Mr. W. L. Widmeyer, made in the office of the State Chemist,
B. H. Bridges, analyst:
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (Si02> . 27.0
Chlorine (Cl) . 836.6
Sulphates (SO4) . . . 7.8
Carbonates (CO3) . 12.0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 209.8
Magnesium oxide (MgO) . 108.6
Calcium oxide (CaO) . 197.7
Total solids . 1980.0
The following is a log of a four-inch well drilled by R. C.
Walker for the Florida East Coast Railway. The record is ob¬
tained through the courtesy of Mr. G. A. Miller:
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 229
Feet.
Coal cinders (filled land) . 5
Coquina rock . 5" 14
Sand and shell . . 1®“ 42
Blue clay . 42“ 45
Fine shell . 45_ 64
Fine shell and sand . * . . 64“ 80
Coarse' shell . . 80" 94
Rock . 91- 92
Clay and shell . 92_ 96
Hard rock . 96-100
Soft white limestone . 100-156
The following is a log of a three-inch well drilled by H. Van-
Dorn, two miles west of New Smyrna, for the Florida East Coast
Railway. The record is obtained through the courtesy of Mr.
G. A. Miller:
Feet
Sand . 0 - 16
Rock . 16 - 20y2
Shell . 20 y2- 24
Clay . 24-40
Rock . 40-42
Clay . 42-44
Rock . 44- 46
Clay . . . 46-79
Rock . ; . . 79-81
Shell . 81-85
Rock . 85- 87
Rock, bearing salty water . 87-103
Rock, bearing fresh water . 103-124
OAK HILL.
Oak Hill is eleven miles south of New Smyrna, on the Florida
East Coast Railway and about four miles north of the head of
Indian River. Several flowing wells occur in the vicinity of this
place. These wells are reported to be about 130 feet deep. The
water is hard and sulphuretted. Approaching the head of Indian
River, some four or five miles south of Oak Hill, flowing wells
of brackish water are obtained. Mr. T. J. Murray owns four
230
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
wells, all near the head of Indian River, which are used for stock.
One of these wells was never satisfactorily completed. Two of
the wells give a brackis-h flow while the water from the other
well, which is located about one mile south and west of the head
of the river, is reported to be fresh. This well, however, is not
as deep as the other two wells, being only 82 feet deep and ter¬
minating before passing through the “bed” or hard rock which
was encountered at that depth. The two brackish wells are re¬
ported to have a depth of 110 feet and to have a head of about
seven feet above the surface. According to well records this
seems to be the northern extent of the shallow brackish flowing
wells, fresh water wells being obtained just a few miles to the
north. Eastward this salt area presumably extends to the Atlantic
Ocean. In 1907 Mr. J. W. Griffis had a well sunk one mile north¬
west of Shiloh, to a depth of 149 feet. The well at this depth
flowed just above the surface and furnished a very strong salt
water. The well is now capped and is not used. The character
of the artesian water westward in this part of the county is not
known, records of wells not having been obtained.
ORANGE CITY.
The Orange City wells vary in depth from 117 to 890 feet.
The 890-foot well is owned by Mr. Albert Dickinson and is not
used. Salt water was encountered at the depth of 890 feet and
the well was plugged up below 660 feet. The depth of the well
as now used is 660 feet. The principal use of the artesian wells
in this vicinity, aside from general domestic purposes, is that of
irrigation, the Orange City Mineral Spring Company, however,
have a well 117 feet deep, the water from which is bottled for
sale. This is a ten-inch well and is reported cased to a depth of
fifteen feet. The water is said to rise to within twenty feet of
I 1
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 231
the surface. The following is an analysis of the water from this
well.* Analyst unknown:
Constituents.
Free ammonia .
Albuminoid ammonia
Oxygen consumed . .
Nitrites .
Nitrates . . .
Parts per million.
. 0.00
. . 0.05
. 1.05
. 0.00
. 1.00
ORMOND.
Several deep wells have been sunk at Ormond. These deep
wells all furnish a salt water which cannot be used except in some
instances where it is used for bathing purposes. A four-inch
well was drilled by Mr. H. Walker in 1900 at the Plotel Ormond.
This well reached a depth of 752 feet and is cased 360 feet. At
a depth of 320 feet salt water was encountered. The water from
the well is used for bathing purposes. Another well at the Hotel
Ormond reached the same depth. This well is eight inches in
diameter and is cased 400 feet, at which depth salt water is re¬
ported, continuing to 550 feet. From the depth of 550 feet to
the total depth of the well, 752 feet, no water was encountered.
The average depth of the wells snrroundiilg Ormond and vi¬
cinity is from 160 to 225 feet. At this depth a hard sulphuretted
water is obtained. However, in some instances salt water at this
shallow depth is reported. Mrs. A. M. Watson owns a three-
inch well which is 180 feet deep and cased 90 feet. The water
from this well is not used because it contains salt. This well is
the only one of this depth on record that contains salt, other wells
of medium depth furnishing an abundant supply of fresh water,
which is used for domestic and irrigating purposes. The head
of the wells range from eight to nine feet above the surface or
about fourteen to fifteen feet above sea.
*U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 102, p. 263, 1904.
232
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PIERSON.
Pierson is located on the sandy ridge running through the
west central portion of Volusia County. The elevation of the
depot at this place, as recorded by the Atlantic Coast Line Rail¬
road, is 78 feet. Records of two deep wells occurring here have
'been obtained. The N. L. Pierson well is three inches in diame¬
ter and 150 feet deep. The water is reported to rise to within
forty feet of the surface. Its use is general domestic and irriga¬
tion purposes. The second well was drilled at the public school
house and is used for general drinking purposes.
SEVILLE.
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad owns four artesian wells
at Seville, used for the railroad boiler supplies. One well is four
inches in diameter and is reported to be 126 feet deep. The other
three wells are two inches in diameter. The exact depth is not
known. The water is said to rise to within 18 feet of the surface.
About two miles south of Seville and west of the Atlantic
Coast Line Railroad is a flowing artesian well. This well is
owned by J. W. Whitner, and was drilled in 1909. This is a two-
inch well, 140 feet deep and is cased 90 feet. The elevation at
the well, as determined by measurement, is sixteen feet above
Lake George. The well on April 25, 1910, as indicated by the
pressure gauge, had a pressure of four and one-quarter pounds,
equivalent to a head of 9.8 feet above the surface or 25.8 feet
above the level of the water in Lake George. The first flowing
water was reported at the depth of 80 feet, at which depth hard
rock was encountered.
BREVARD COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Brevard County lies between the St. Johns River and the At¬
lantic Ocean. It has a total length of 66 miles and, including
Merritts Island, is about 25 miles wide. It joins Volusia County
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 233
on the north and St. Lucie 'County on the south. Aside from the
line of sand dunes running parallel with the coast this county is
prevailingly of the palmetto flatwoods type of country, although
extensive prairie and muck lands occur in the interior of the
county. Lake Washington, in the central part of this county,
has an elevation of 15.74 feet while Lake Wilmington, the head
waters of the St. Johns River, in St. Lucie County, has an eleva¬
tion of 23.3?'' feet above mean sea level at Indian River Inlet.*
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deep wells in Brevard County enter the Vicks'burg Lime¬
stone. At Melbourne this limestone, as indicated by well samples
kept from the well of Mr. Oliver Gibbs, was reached at the depth
of 221 feet. At Cocoa, in the well of Mr. H. Bradford, the Vicks¬
burg Limestone was recognized at a depth not exceeding 190 feet.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FEOW IN BREVARD COUNTY.
Although the interior of this county is but thinly settled and
but few wells have been put down, it is probable that the greater
part of this county lies within the area of artesian flow. On the
high sand dune ridge, which lies out three or four miles from the
•coast, a flow is not to be expected. This is probably also1 true of
points within the interior of the county, particularly in the south¬
western part.
LOCAL DETAILS.
CHESTER SHOALS.
Some fifteen miles from Titusville, through Banana Creek,
is the Chester Shoals Life Saving Station and Canaveral Club.
House. At this club house an artesian well was drilled about
1890. It is a three-inch well and the original depth was 222 feet.
The amount of casing used could not be learned. The well in
*Survey made in 1903, under the direction of Captain F. R. Shunk,
U. S. Army.
234
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
subsequent years decreased in flow, and in order to get a sufficient
amount of water for general use it became necessary to deepen
the well. In 1905 'Captain Alex. Near continued the drilling to
297 feet. The well now gives an abundance of water strongly
impregnated with hydrogen sulphide and tasting slightly brackish,
although not so much so as to condemn it for general purposes.
CITY POINT.
Flowing wells are obtained along the shore of Indian River
at City Point. Between the village on the river and the City
Point depot, on the Florida East Coast Railway, there is quite
an elevation, evidently an old sand dune. The elevation of this
ridge, according to barometric readings, is about fifty feet above
the level of the water in the river. A well sunk here some years
ago failed to flow, although the water rose to within a few feet
of the surface. A well owned by S. Plendry is reported to have
a depth of about 160 feet. The elevation of the well is approxi¬
mately twenty feet above the water in Indian River. The pressure
of this well, as indicated by the pressure gauge March 5, 1910.
was five pounds, or sufficient pressure to cause the water to rise
11.5 feet above the surface, or approximately 31.5 feet above the
river level.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well. An¬
alysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State Chemist,
A. M. Henry, analyst :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (Si02) . 17.00
Chlorine (Cl) . 2248.00
Sulphates (SO4) . 207.00
Phosphates (PO4) . 8.00
Carbonates (CO3) . 0.00
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 168.00
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 1174.00
Magnesium (Mg) . 116.00
Calcium (Ca) . 440.00
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 1.00
Loss on ignition . 960.00
Total dissolved solids . 5053.00
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 235
COCOA.
The number of artesian wells in and around Cocoa renders it
impossible to specifically mention more than a few representative
ones. The artesian wells in this section terminate at a medium
depth and are sunk without encountering great difficulty in drill¬
ing, thus making the cost comparatively slight. The wells ter¬
minate in the Vicksburg Limestone, as indicated by the mixed
samples of drillings from the well of H. Bradford, one mile south¬
west of Cocoa. The water is reported in some instances to con¬
tain a trace of salt, but only in a very few cases was it found to
be injurious to vegetation.
The well of O. K. Key was sunk by the owner in 1908. It is
a three-inch well and has a depth of 202 feet. The well is cased
140 feet. The pressure of the well, as indicated by the gauge,
March 10, 1910, was ten pounds, or a head of 23.1 feet above the
surface. The elevation of the well above the level of the water
in the Indian River, as shown by barometric readings, is 15 feet,
thus giving the well a total head of 38.1 feet above the water
level in the river. The water has a slight trace of salt and is
impregnated with hydrogen sulphide gas.
About one-fourth mile southwest of the city postoffice is the
well of the Cocoa Ice Company. This well is reported to have
been drilled in 1888. It is a four-inch well, 325 feet deep, and
cased about 125 feet. The pressure of this well in 1908 was re¬
ported to be twelve and one-quarter pounds. This pressure would
give the well a head of 28.2 feet above the surface. The esti¬
mated surface elevation is about 10 feet above the river, making
a total head of 38.2 feet above the level of the water in Indian
River.
An artesian well one mile southeast of 'Cocoa was completed
in February, 1910. This well was drilled by J. A. Coward and is
owned by H. Bradford. It is three inches in diameter, 190 feet
deep and is cased to a depth of 80 feet. A mixed sample of the
drillings taken after the completion of the well indicates that the
Vicksburg Limestone was encountered. The exact depth at which
this limestone was reached could not be learned. ’The volume of
236
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
flow, as measured March 10, 1910, was 60 gallons per minute
and the pressure as indicated by the pressure gauge on the same
date was five pounds or a pressure sufficient tO' cause the water
to rise 11.5 feet above the surface. The elevation of the well
above the level of the water in Indian River, as shown by baro¬
metric readings, is 20 feet. This elevation, together with a head
of 11.5 feet above the surface, gives the well a total head of 31.5
feet above the river level. The water is the characteristic sulphur
water common to most of the artesian wells of the State.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well.
Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State
Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst:
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (Si02) . 12
Chlorine (Cl) . 1082
Sulphates (SO4) . 201
Phosphates (PO4) . 0
Carbonates (CO3) . 0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 152
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 536
Magnesium (Mg) . 77
Calcium (Ca) . 167
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 4
Loss on ignition . 470
Total dissolved solids . 2546
\
EAU GALLIE.
The first artesian well in Eau Gallie was drilled, in 1887, by
John McAllister. This well is now owned by George F. Paddison,
and is 337 feet deep. It is one and one-fourth inches in diameter
and cased 136 feet. The depth to the water rock was reported
by the driller, Mr. McAllister, to be 237 feet. The head of this
well is given as 42 feet above the surface, or approximately 52
feet above the level of the water in Indian River. Since the
completion of the above test well, many wells have been sunk in
and around Eau Gallie, varying in depth from 315 to 500 feet.
The principal water supply is obtained at a depth of from 230 to
315 feet.
WATER SUPPLY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 237
The East Coast Lumber and Supply Company use two artesian
wells as a source for power in running a planing mill. They are
both six-inch wells and are about 500 feet deep. The pressure of
the wells could not be obtained, but they are reported to have a
head of 50 feet above the river. The principal use of the sur¬
rounding artesian wells is for general domestic purposes and
irrigation.
FRONTENAC.
Mr. Josiah Thompson owns an artesian well at Frontenac.
This well was reported to be 190 feet deep, and is four inches in
diameter. The water is strongly impregnated with salt, and is
used for power to pump water from a shallow fresh water well.
The pressure of the well could not be obtained, but the head and
flow were reported to be very good.
GRANT.
A four-inch well, now owned by Mr. Charles Christiancy, at
Grant is the only flowing well in the vicinity. The well is 350
feet deep and is cased 90 feet. It was drilled, in 1896, by Messrs.
Near & Taylor. The principal supply of water is said togpome
from a depth of 256 feet.
MALABAR.
Several deep wells have been sunk at Malabar. They vary
from 300 to 390, or more, feet in depth. The principal use of the
water is for irrigation purposes.
MELBOURNE.
At Melbourne, a record of several deep wells was obtained.
Mr. W. T. Wells owns an artesian well, which was sunk by Capt.
Alexander Near in 1898. This well is 389 feet deep and four inches
in diameter. The pressure, as shown by the pressure gauge on
March 15, 1910, was eleven and one-quarter pounds. The surface
elevation was given as about 26 feet above the level of the water
in Indian River, and this elevation, together with a pressure of
238
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
eleven and one-quarter pounds, would give the well a head of 51 .9
feet above the river.
The six-inch well of Capt. J. S. Sammis is 400 feet deep and is
cased about 73 feet. The pressure of this well was taken on
March 15, 1910, but since all connections to the well could not be
shut off, the full pressure could not be obtained. The reading,
however, was 11 pounds, which was a sufficient pressure to cause
the water to rise 25.4 feet above the surface, or about 47.4 feet
above the river ; the well being about 22 feet above the river.
A three-inch well, owned by Mr. Wm. R. Campbell, near Mel¬
bourne is used for power purposes and for irrigation. The water
from the well turns an overshot wheel, which runs a pump, pump¬
ing water from a surface well. The surface water is soft and is
preferred to the hard sulphur water of the deeper well. The well
is 385 feet deep and was sunk by Messrs. Near & Taylor in 1895.
A well, one mile west of Melbourne, owned by Mr. H. P.
Bowden, is six inches in diameter and is 400 feet deep. The well
was sunk by Capt. Alexander Near in 1907. The pressure, as
indicated by the pressure gauge March 14, 1910, was 12 pounds,
or a head of 27.7 feet above the surface. The surface elevation
of the well, shown by barometer, was 22 feet above the water level
in Indian River. This would give the well a total head of 49.7
feet above the river. The water from this well, besides being
used for general domestic purposes, is used for bathing and for
power. Two large concrete bathing pools have been built and
the water flows continually into them. The temperature of the
water is said to be 77 degrees F. A water wheel, connected near
the well, is used to pump water from a shallow, soft water i^ell.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well.
Analysis made for the State Survey in the office of the State
Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst :
Constituents.
Silica (SiC>2) ....
Chlorine (Cl) ....
Sulphates (SO4) ..
Phosphates (PO4)
Carbonates (CO3)
Parts per million.
. 18
. 573
. 150
. 0
. 0
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PRORIDA. 239
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 156
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . . . 269
Magnesium (Mg) . 68
Calcium (Ca) . 123
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 8
Loss of ignition . . 375
Total dissolved solids . 1555
Mr. M. B. Rhodes’ well, near the postoffice, at Melbourne, is
45 feet deep and furnishes a flow, which rises about three feet
above the surface. The elevation of the well is about three feet
above the water level in Indian River. The well is of interest in
that the water flows at such a shallow depth. The materials
penetrated in the sinking of this well were approximately as
follows :
Feet.
Sand . . .
“Hardpan” .
Sand, water . . .
“Hardpan,” water .
Sand .
Sandy, clay, water, flowing 3 feet above the surface of the
well . . . . .
0 -10
10 -11
11 -20
20 -20 Id
2014-35
35 -45
The water is soft and very desirable for all domestic purposes.
Another such well as the above is owned by Dr. L. A. Peek.
This well is 52 feet deep, one and one-fourth inches in diameter
and furnishes a good supply of soft water.
The well owned by Mr. Oliver Gibbs is located at Melbourne
Beach, across the Indian River from Melbourne. This is a four-
inch well drilled, in 1907, by Capt. Alexander Near. It reached
a total depth of 318 feet and is cased 100 feet. The pressure of
the well, as indicated by the pressure gauge March 15, 1910, was
17 14 pounds. This gives the well a head of 40.4 feet above the
surface, or estimating the surface elevation of the well to be 12
feet above the river level, a total head of 52.4 feet above the level
-of the water in Indian River. From an examination of a mixed
sample from the drillings of this well, it is seen that the Vicksburg
Limestone is reached. From Mr. Gibb’s record made at the time
the well was drilled, it would appear that this formation was
240
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
encountered at a depth of 221 feet. The log, as made out by Mr.
Gibbs, is as follows :
Feet.
Surface sands and soil . 0 - 3
Yellow sand . 3 - 11
Coquina rock . 11 - 21
Fine gray sand . ....... . 21 - 51
Shell and sand . 51 - 56
Hard shell rock . 56 -119
Greenish clay . 119 -173
Dark colored rock; sharks’ teeth . 173 -17334
Greenish clay . . . 173^-174^
Dark colored rock; sharks’ teeth . 17434-175
Greenish clay . 175 -221
Vicksburg Limestone. Increase of flow with depth. A
pressure of 1734 pounds at this depth was shown by
the gauge March 15, 1910. Mild sulphur water _ 221 -318
MERRITTS ISLAND.
From the well records obtained in this locality, it is probable
that flowing artesian wells can be obtained at any point on Merritt
Island. Record of wells are on file from every postoffice on the
island, bordering the Indian River. Also, records have been
obtained from Artesia, Cape Canaveral Light House, and Cana¬
veral Club House, on the peninsula, east of the island ; good flows
being reported from all of these localities. The pressure of two
of the wells on the southern end of the island was obtained, one
at Lotus and one at Tropic. The well of L. D. Hancock, one
mile south of Lotus, has a depth of about 300 feet. The pressure
of this well March 12, 1910, was 16 pounds. The elevation of the
well, according to barometric readings, is 10 feet. This, together
with a pressure of 16 pounds, gives the well a total head of 46.9
feet above the level of the water in Indian River. The following
is an analysis of the water from this well. Analysis made for the
State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry,
analyst :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (SiCL) . 12
Chlorine (Cl) . 642
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 241
Sulphates (SO4) . 178
Phosphates (PO4) . 0
Carbonate's (CO3) . 0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 149
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 309
Magnesium (Mg) . 03
Calcium (Ca) . 132
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . ,... 3
Loss on ignition . 370
Total dissolved solids . . . 1710
At Tropic Mrs. John W. Merrill has two artesian wells, two
and three inches respectively. These wells were drilled about
1885. The depth was not learned. The gauge on the two-inch
well, March 12, 1910, indicated a pressure of 16^4 pounds, or a
head of 38.1 feet above the surface, or about 48 feet above the
water level in Indian River. The wells are used for general
purposes and give an excellent flow of sulphur water.
From the records obtained it appears that the pressure of the
wells on the island increases in passing from north to south. At
Lotus the pressure was 16 pounds; at Tropic 1 6J4 pounds, and
at Melbourne Beach 17 J4 pounds. No measurements of the pres¬
sure of the wells north of Lotus were obtained.
MICCO.
The wells at Micco have, for the most part, been drilled a
number of years and, for this reason, no satisfactory records could
be obtained. The principal use of the water is for irrigating
purposes. One well, drilled in 1908 for Peter Bertleson by J. L.
Mobley, was never completed. The well is 3 inches in diameter
and is cased 180 feet. At a depth of 300 feet the drill was broken
off and was never recovered. A flow coming just over the top
of the casing was obtained at this depth.
ROCKLEDGE.
The Rockledge wells vary in depth from 150 to 480 feet. These
wells are the principal source of domestic water supply, as well as
being used for irrigating purposes. In a few instances the artesian
242
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
wells are used for power purposes, such as for generating elec¬
tricity by means of a water turbine. A ten-inch well, drilled in
1893 and now owned by Mr. G. M. Houston, about one and one-
half miles south of Rockledge, is used for this purpose. The well
has a reported depth of 480 feet. A gauge on the well indicated
a pressure of 1 2J4 pounds, March 10, 1910, or a head of 28.8 feet
above this point. The gauge was estimated to be ten feet above
the level of the water in the river, thus giving the well a total
head of 38.8 feet above the river level. The water contains a trace
of salt, as is common to the wells in this vicinity.
The well of Mr. H. S. Williams is of particular interest, in that
it is the only well in this vicinity, of which a log has been obtained.
It was drilled about 1890 and is 304 feet deep. It is three inches
in diameter and is cased 130 feet. The following is a log of this
well, as reported by Mr. Williams :
Feet.
Sand and soil . 0 - 10
Coquina rock . 10 - 30
Sand . 30 -100
Sand rock . 100 -140
Blue clay . 140 -170
Hard flint rock. At this depth water rose to the surface,
small stream . 170 -173
Rock in layer from 3 to 18 inches thick . 173 -269
Hard rock . 269 -273
Soft rock . 273 -278%
Hard rock, good flow of water . 278% -304%
The first flow in the well, as will be seen by consulting the log,
was obtained from a depth of 170-173 feet. At this depth 3 feet
of hard flint rock was encountered and on penetrating this stratum
the first water-bearing formation was reached.
SHARPES.
Several flowing wells occur in and near Sharpes. The water
here contains salt to such an extent that it can not be used for
irrigation. The well of J. W. Spafford furnished the following
record. The well is four inches in diameter and 200 feet deep.
It is reported cased only about 40 feet, and to have a head of 10
WATER SUPPL,Y OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 243
feet above the surface. The first flow was encountered at 70 feet
and it is reported by the driller, Capt. W. H. Sharpes, that neither
the head nor the volume increased with the depth. As indicated
from the well records and from all obtainable information, only a
small amount of casing was used in the wells in this vicinity, and
a knowledge as to whether or not fresh water was encountered
below the stratum of salt water is, therefore, lacking.
The following is an analysis of the water from the well of J.
J. Ollif, Sharpes, Fla. This well is near the Spafford well and
approximately one mile north of the Hendry well, at City Point,
analysis of which is given on page 234. Analysis made for the
State Survey in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry,
analyst :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (SiC>2) . 16
Chlorine (Cl) . 3120
Sulphates (SO4) . 302
Phosphates (PO4) . 0
Carbonates (CO3) . 0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 165
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 1634
Magnesium (Mg) . 286
Calcium (Ca) . 262
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 4
Loss on ignition . 974
Total dissolved solids . 6520
TILLMAN.
The only deep well at Tillman, of which record has been
obtained, was drilled by John McAllister, in 1890, and is owned
by R. A. Conkling. It is 350 feet deep and furnishes an excellent
flow of water, which is used for general domestic purposes.
TITUSVILLE.
Titusville, the county seat of Brevard County, is located on the
Indian River. Several artesian wells have been sunk at this
locality, but up to the present time principally salt water has been
244
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
obtained. A test well, put down about 1890, was drilled to a total
depth of 864 feet. A salt water stratum was reached at a depth of
about 100 feet. The well was cased to a depth of about 110 feet,
but no attempt was made to case off the salt water. Both the
flow and the head is reported to have increased with increase of
depth. Several other wells have been subsequently drilled in and
near the city. One of these, located at the Dixie Hotel, is said to
have been drilled to a depth of about 400 feet. Another, located
at the Grand View Hotel, drilled about 1895, is believed to have
reached the depth of about 200 feet. Two other wells, one located
at the old plant of the Florida Extract Company, the other at the
plant of the Titusville Ice Company, were drilled to a depth of 150
and 145 feet, respectively. Salt water was obtained from all of
these wells, and in none of them was an attempt made, so far as
the records indicate, to go through or to case off the salt water
stratum. Fresh water is obtained from shallow driven wells,
none of which exceed 100 feet in depth. The water obtained
from these wells, as a rule, does not flow. In at least one instance,
however, a small flowing fresh-water well has been obtained at
a depth of less than 100 feet. The wells, which exceed 100 feet
in depth, as stated above, have yielded only salt water.
The following is an analysis of the water of the well of the
Titusville Ice Company. Analysis made for the State Survey in
the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry, analyst:
Constituents. Parts per million.
Silica (SiC>2) . 8
Chlorine (Cl) . 11879
Sulphates (SO4) . 547
Phosphates (PO4) . 0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 177
Sodium and potassium (Na and K) . 6542
Magnesium (Mg) . 669
Calcium (Ca) . 637
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 3
Loss on ignition . 1380
Total dissolved solids . 23060
v
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PLORIDA. 245
VALKARIA.
A record of one deep well, at Valkaria, has been obtained. This
well was drilled by Mr. W. J. Nesbitt, in 1892, for Mr. E. A.
Svedelius. It is a 3-inch well, 350 feet deep, and is cased to a
depth of 90 feet. The water is reported to rise 15 feet or more
above the surface. At a depth of 320 feet hard rock was en¬
countered and, immediately below this rock, the first water, under
sufficient pressure to cause it to rise to the surface, was obtained.
ST. LUCIE COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
St. Lucie County lies south of Brevard County. It is 42 miles
long and from 24 to 42 miles in width. Et. Drum ridge in this
county has an elevation of 66.74 feet above the mean sea level.*
The eastern part of the county, aside irom the line of sand dunes
near the coast, consists largely of palmetto flatwoods. Towards
the west border the land is more rolling and numerous small lakes
occur. Some muck lands are found near the headwaters of the
St. Johns River.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The wells of this county, as elsewhere along the East Coast,
reach the Vicksburg Limestones. These limestones, however, dip
in passing to the south and lie at a greater depth in St. Lucie
County than in the adjoining counties to the north. The wells ofi
the St. Lucie Ice Company, at Ft. Pierce, are 812 feet deep and,
probably, reach the Vicksburg Limestone. The first flow from the
wells, at Ft. Pierce, is reported to have been obtained from the
depth of 725 to 750 feet.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW OF ST. LUCIE COUNTY.
Owing to the few wells that have been drilled, the area of
artesian flow in St. Lucie County is imperfectly determined.
^Survey made in 1903, under the direction of Captain F. R. Shunk,
U. S. Army.
246
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Along the East Coast wells are in use as far as the southern line
of the county. It is probable that flowing wells can be obtained
for some miles inland from the coast.
LOCAL DETAILS.
EDEN.
A four-inch well at Eden, owned by Mr. Chas. Edison, was
sunk by Messrs. Fee & Nesbitt and is 870 feet deep. The water is
used for general and irrigation purposes. It rises 25 feet above
the surface. It is a hard water and is impregnated with hydrogen
sulphide.
FT. PIERCE.
Two artesian wells occur at Ft. Pierce, the county seat of St.
Lucie County. These are <?wned by the St. Lucie Ice Company.
The wells are reported to have a depth of 812 feet. One is six
inches in diameter, the other 2 inches, and both are reported cased
200 feet. The first flow is said to have been obtained from lime¬
stone, at a depth of from 725 to 750 feet. The last 100 feet of
the well is said to have been through this limestone. The follow¬
ing is an analysis of the water from one of these wells. Analysis
by the Geo. W. Lord Company, 2238-2250 North Ninth Street,
Philadelphia, Pa., Chester Alsmere, chemist, reported January
18, 1907:
Constituents. Parts per million.
Organic and volatile matter . 51.311
Calcium oxide . 70.650
Magnesium oxide . 31.939
Sodium oxide . 736.846
Sulphur trioxide . 241.489
Chlorine . 446.737
Carbonic acid (combined) . 204.081
Silica . 33.979
As will be seen in the above analysis this water contains a high
percentage of sodium and chlorine. The water tastes brackish,
and is used for cooling purposes in the manufacture of ice. The
WATER SUPPR Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PRORIDA. 247
principal water supply for domestic purposes, in and around Ft.
Pierce, is obtained from shallow wells, ranging in depth from 12
to 50 feet.
The following is a record of a well drilled at Ft. Pierce by
H. Walker for the Florida East Coast Railway in 1912. The well
is 814 feet deep and is cased with eight-inch casing 184 feet and
9 inches, and with six-inch casing 570 feet and 10 inches. The
head above the surface is 28 feet and 6 inches. The head above
Indian River is 46 feet. The well flows 800 gallons per minute at
the surface. The record has been kindly supplied by Mr. G. A.
Miller, of the Florida East Coast Railway.
Feet.
Yellow sand . 0- 55
Shell and sand . 55- 75
Shell and gravel . 75- 85
Shell, sand and clay . 85-120
Blue clay and sand . 120-135
Soft blue clay 'and very fine sand . 135-145
Blue clay and sand . 145-165
Blue clay . 165-190
Tough, dry blue clay . 190-200
Soft sandy, blue clay . 200-250
Hard sandy, blue clay . 250-300
Smooth blue clay, no sand . 300-400
Blue clay, very tough and sticky . 400-460
Yellow clay, with black streaks in it . 460-500
Yellow clay, with a few pebbles . 500-520
Blue clay, tough and sticky . 520-545
Very hard yellow clay . 545-555
Blue clay, very sticky . 555-585
Yellow clay in hard and soft layers . 585-600
Yellow clay, very dry . 600-647
Shell and soft rock . ; . 647-656
Tough white clay . 656-662
Hard white rock . 662-676
Soft rock, small flow . 676-685
Soft limestone rock, flow increasing very slowly with
depth . 685-807
Hard rock . 807-814
248
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The following is an analysis of the water from this well made
by the American Water Softener Company, Philadelphia, Pa. :
Grains per
Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Calcium carbonate .
. 1.71
29.31
Calcium sulphate .
. 8.34
142.97
Magnesium carbonate .
. 9.26
156.73
Sodium sulphate .
. 18.90
324.00
Sodium chloride .
. 43.50
745.71
Free carbonic acid .
. 1.00
17.14
Iron, aluminum and silica .
. 0.28
4.70
Incrusting solids . . .
. 19.59
335.83
Non-incrusting solids .
. 62.40
1069.72
Total solids .
. 83.00
1422.86
NARROWS.
Two deep wells are reported from Narrows. One is owned
by Mr. F. Foster, the other by Mr. E. L. Gray. These wells were
drilled by Mr. W. J. Nesbitt about the year 1892. Both are three
inches in diameter and 420 feet deep. The height to which the
water would rise above the surface was not obtained, but the wells
are reported to have a head of several feet, and to furnish a strong
flow of water.
ORCHID.
Mr. S. K. Michael owns an artesian well at Orchid. This well
was sunk by Capt. Alexander Near in 1896. It is 480 feet deep,
four inches in diameter and is cased 85 feet. The well is reported
to have a head of 40 feet above sea, and to furnish an abundant
supply of hard, sulphur water.
ROSELAND.
The artesian wells at Roseland have been drilled for a number
of years and, for this reason, no very definite information could
be obtained. Mr. L. C. Moore owns three wells, located about
one and one-half miles north of Roseland, on the point between
the Sebastian and Indian Rivers. These wells range in depth
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 249
from 350 to 453 feet. The water is hard and impregnated with
hydrogen sulphide and is used for irrigating and general purposes.
SEBASTIAN.
There are several flowing artesian wells in and near Sebastian.
They vary in depth from 365 to 500 feet. At this depth an abun¬
dance of hard sulphuretted water is obtained, rising from 16 to 25,
or more, feet above the surface. A well owned by Mr. J. A.
Groves, drilled by Mr. J. McAllister, was completed in 1896. This
well is 460 feet deep, four inches in diameter, and is cased 100 feet.
The water is reported to have a head of 16 feet above the surface,
the surface elevation being estimated at 25 feet above the level of
the water in Indian River. The total head of the well above the
river is thus 41 feet. The water is used for general and domestic
purposes and for irrigation. A four-inch well, drilled by Capt.
Alexander Near, in 1901, owned by the Indian River Cooperage
Company, is 365 feet deep. The water is reported to rise 25 or
more feet above the surface. The elevation of the depot at Sebas¬
tian, according to levels run by the Florida East Coast Railway,
is 19 feet. This well has approximately the same elevation as the
depot, and this, in addition to head of 25 feet above the surface,
gives the well a total head of 44 feet above sea. The well is now
abandoned, but, when first sunk, was used for the manufacture
of ice.
The Fellsmere Farms Company have recently completed a well,
about ten miles west of Sebastian (Sec. 22, T. 31 S., R. 37 E.).
The well is four inches in diameter, 370 feet deep, and is cased 146
feet. The head, tested September 23, 1910, by Mr. E. H. Every,
manager, was found to be 25 feet above the surface, and the flow
185 gallons per minute.*
The following is the analysis of the water from this well made
by the State Chemist :
Constituents. Parts per million.
Chlorine (Cl) . . . ' . . 257
Carbonates (CO3) . . . 0
*Letter to Capt. R. E. Rose, State Chemist, Sept. 23, 1910.
250
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 177
Loss on ignition . 245
Total dissolved solids . 905
PINELLAS COUNTY.
t
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Pinellas County lies on the Gulf Coast and includes the penin¬
sula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The area of
the land surface of the county is approximately 260 square miles.
The surface is prevailingly level, with a gradual rise in passing
inland from the coast. The county is crossed by the Atlantic
Coast Line Railroad, and by the Tampa and Gulf Coast Railroad.
The elevations recorded by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad are
as follows : Belleair, 49 feet ; Clearwater, 29 feet ; Dunedin, 13
feet; Largo, 50 feet; St. Petersburg, 20 feet; Tarpon Springs, 14
feet.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deep wells in Pinellas County doubtless terminate in the
Vicksburg Limestone.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
The flowing area, in this county, includes a narrow strip bor¬
dering the coast and extending somewhat north of Dunedin. Flow¬
ing wells can probably be obtained along the shore entirely around
Tampa Bay. The accompanying map shows the area in this
county, in which it is believed that flowing wells can be obtained.
LOCAL DETAILS.
CLEARWATER.
Clearwater is near the center of the county, from north to
south. The city water supply, at Clearwater, is taken from a well
250 feet deep. A second well, 270 feet deep, is held in reserve.
Both wells are eight inches in diameter and are cased about 30 feet.
When not in use the wells flow, but when either well is being
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PLORIDA. 251
pumped the head is reduced, stopping the flow in the other well.
The 270-foot well has brackish water.
The Clearwater Ice Factory has three wells, 46, 52 and 80 feet
deep. They are all cased 30 feet and the water is reported to
stand 26 feet from the surface. These wells are located on high
ground, the difference in elevation being probably sufficient to
account for the difference in head between these and the city wells.
DUNEDIN.
Flowing wells are obtained along the coast at Dunedin. The
wells range in depth from 55 to 120 feet. C. B. Bowden has a
six-inch well, 98 feet deep and cased 70 feet, in which the water
stands 20 feet from the surface. This well is used as a public
supply. T. J. Zimmerman has a well, at this locality, 68 feet deep,
in which the water stands 12 feet from the surface. W. C. McLain
has a flowing artesian well, about two miles north of Dunedin.
This well is 202 feet deep and is estimated to flow 10 gallons a
minute. This is the northernmost flowing well in this county.
ESPIRITU SANTO SPRINGS.
The Espiritu Santo Springs, located near the north end of
Tampa Bay, include five springs. The following is an analysis of
the water from the one known as the drinking spring: Analysis
by the N. B. Pratt Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia :
Grains per
Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Peroxide of iron and alumina .
. 1692
2.9007
Sodium chloride .
. 137.8520
2363.2208
Magnesium chloride .
. . 25.8768
443.5292
Potassium sulphate .
. . 3.4815
59.6854
Calcium sulphate .
. 19.7172
338.0297
Calcium carbonate . . .
. 12.6145
216.2607
Silica . . .A. . .
. 9972
17.0958
Total solids by evaporation .
. 254.9165
4370.2629
252
FLORIDA STATE). GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LARGO.
Several wells have been drilled at Largo. Lewis Johnson has a
four-inch well, 200 feet deep, which is used as a public well. Joel
McMullen has a well, about eight miles southwest of Largo, 227
feet deep, in which the water stands 15 feet from the surface.
OZONA.
The wells at Ozona are mostly 50 to 60 feet deep. A two-inch
well, owned by Wm. Woods, is 80 feet deep and the water stands
eight feet below the surface. C. R. C. Smith has a well 106 feet
deep, but the water at this depth is said to be salty.
PASS-A-GRILLE.
The following is a log of a four-inch well, 256 feet deep, drilled
by J. C. Danielson, and is used as a public well. The well is cased
204 feet and the water rises 14 feet above sea :
Feet.
White beach sand . 0- 3
Shells . 3- 7
Fine sand . 7- 35
Coquina . 35- 41
Quicksand and blue clay . 41- 80
Hard blue' clay . 80-200
Limestone, principal flow from 230 feet . . . 205-256
The following is an analysis of the water from this well..
Analysis made in the office of the State Chemist of Florida, A. M.
Henry, analyst:
Milligrams per liter.,
(Parts per million. J
Si02 . 46.2
Fe and A1 . 6.2
Ca. . . 393.8
Mg. . . . 187.0
Na. . . . . . . 611.9
K . 10.9
Cl . 1560.2
C03 . 0.0-
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PUORIDA. 253
HCO3 . 204.4
SO4 . 754.7
P04 . 0.0
Total . 3775.3
These may be combined as follows :
KC1 . 20.8
NaCl . 1555.3
MgCl2 . 777.9
CaCl2 . 25.0
CaS04 . 1068.6
Ca (HC03)2 . 271.6
CaSi03 . 10.7
Si02 . 39.2
Fe and A1 . 6.2
PINELLAS PARK.
A six-inch well, drilled at this locality by J. C. Danielson,
reached a total depth of 325 feet. The water in the well stands
five feet from the surface.
ST. PETERSBURG.
Flowing wells are obtained at St. Petersburg, along the coast,
the water rising 10 to 14 feet above sea level. A well near the
dock is four inches in diameter and 100 feet deep. The water
from this well rises 10 feet above the surface. Another well near
the bay, about one mile southeast of St. Petersburg, was drilled
480 feet deep. The water from this well rises about 10 feet above
the surface and is salty.
The city supply at St. Petersburg is obtained from one seven-
inch and two ten-inch wells, variously reported at 135 and 235
feet deep. These wells are located on the upland, about 31^4 feet
above the level of the bay. When first drilled, the water is said
to have stood 22 feet from the surface, but, after being used for
some time, the water level was reduced to 36 feet from the surface.
The following is an analysis of the water made by Dearborn Drug
and Chemical Works, Chicago, Ill., December 11, 1911 :
254
FLORIDA STATF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Grains per
Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Silica .
. 934
16.012
Oxide's of iron and alumina .
. 117
2.005
Carbonate of lime .
. 9.900
169.724
Chloride of lime .
. 2.761
47.334
Sulphate of lime .
. 405
6.943
Carbonate of magnesia .
Chloride of magnesia .
. 1.993
34.167
Sodium and potassium sulphates .
Sodium and potassium chlorides .
. 4.964
85.102
Boss, etc . .
. 183
3.137
Total soluble mineral solids .
. 21.257
364.427
Suspended matter .
. 1.168
20.024
Organic matter .
Total soluble incrusting solids . .
. 16.110
276.188
Total soluble non-incrusting solids _
. 5.147
98.239
The following is analysis of water from one of these wells.
Analysis made in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry,
analyst :
Well water of 155-foot city well of St. Petersburg, Pinellas
County, Florida:
Milligrams per liter.
(Parts per million.)
Silica (Si02) . 28.5
Iron and alumina (Fe and Al) . 0.9
Calcium (Ca) . 92.6
Magnesium (Mg) . 9.6
Sodium (Na) .
Potassium (K) .
Chlorine (Cl) . 120.6
Carbonates (CO3) . 0.0
Bicarbonates (HCO3) . 216.6
Sulphates (SO4) . 2.1
Phosphates (PO4) . I-5
Total . 580.00
The following is a log of a six-inch well, 99 feet deep, drilled
by J. C. Danielson, and owned by the St. Petersburg Investment
Company. The well was drilled in 1912 and is cased 64^4 feet.
WATER SUPrivY OP eastern AND SOUTHERN eeorida. 255
Feet.
Casing driven and no record. . 0 -64^4
Hard lime' rock . 64*4-69 >4
Soft lime rock . 69^4-71
Close grained lime rock . 71 -86
Water-bearing rock . 86 -88
Hard lime rock . 88 -99
The following is an analysis of the water from this well made
by the Bird-Archer Company, 90 West Street, New York City:
Grains per
Parts per
Constituents.
U. S. gallon.
million.
Organic and volatile matter . ,
. 4.717
80.867
Sodium chloride . ’...
. 3.244
55.614
Calcium carbonate .
. 9.529
163.364
Magnesium chloride . .
. . 2.332
39.979
Total solids . .
. 19.822
339.826
Free carbonic acid .
. 9.415
161.409
The following is a log of a
six-inch well, 155 feet
deep, owned
and drilled by J. C. Danielson. The well is located on the bay
shore, two miles north of St. Petersburg. It is cased 76 feet, and
the water rises about three feet above the surface. The flow is
estimated at 200 gallons per minute.
Feet.
Soil . 0 - 1^4
Dark colored sand . . . 1^4- 9
Hard pan . 9 - 16
White water-bearing sand . . . 16 - 50
White clay . 50 - 60
Water-bearing rock . 60 - 66
Light brown, sticky clay . : . 66 - 76
Rock, alternating hard and soft strata..... . 76 -156
The following is a log of a four-inch well, 230 feet deep, drilled
by J. C. Danielson for R. S. Hanna, at Maximo Point, five miles
southwest of St. Petersburg. The elevation at the well is about
seven feet above sea and the water rises six feet above the surface,
or a total head of about thirteen feet above sea. The well is cased
86 feet.
256
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Soil .
Marl-clay
Rock
Quicksand
Blue clay
Limestone
Feet.
0 - 1
1 - 2
2 - 2i/3
2%- 72
72 - 76
76 -230
The following is an analysis of the water from this well.
Analysis made in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry,
analyst. Sdmple taken by H. Gunter, May 14, 1912 :
P04 .
SiC>2 .
S04 .
C03 .
HC03 .
Cl .
Fe and Al. . . .
Ca .
Mg .
K .
Na .
O (calculated)
Milligrams per liter.
(Parts per million.)
. 0.0
. 42.2
. 558.6
0.0
. . 180.0
. 1117.0
. 2.6
. 328.6
. 122.8
. 8.8
. . 462.2
7.8
Total . 2830.6
These may be combined as follows :
KC1 . 24.8
NaCl . 1175.2
MgCl2 . 480.9
CaCl2 . * . 46 7
CaS04 .., . 791.7
Ca (HC03)2 . 239.1
CaSiOs . 569
Si02 . 12.7
Fe and Al . . 2.6
Total . 2830.6
WATER SURREY OR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 257
SEMINOLE.
A number of wells have been drilled in the vicinity of Seminole.
A four-inch well, owned by Frank Grable, near the locality, drilled
by T, J Zimmerman, reached a depth of 270 feet. The water is
reported to stand 16 feet from the surface.
SUTHERLAND.
Several wells have been drilled at Sutherland. Those exceed¬
ing about 100 feet in depth are reported to reach salt water.
Fresh water is obtained from 50 to 100 feet.
TARPON SPRINGS.
The city supply at Tarpon Springs is obtained from three six-
inch wells, 80, 108 and 126 feet deep respectively. The water
stands 20 feet from the surface. The Polar Ice Company also
have three wells, 82, 90 and 120 feet deep respectively. In the
deepest of these salt water was reached at 120 feet, and the well
was plugged at 100 feet.
Tarpon Springs, at this locality, comes up in a bayou from
Anciote River. Although covered at high tide, the strong boil
from the spring can be seen at medium and low tides.
WALL SPRINGS.
A well, drilled at Wall Springs by T. J. Zimmerman for W.
W. Clark, reached a total depth of 313 feet. Fresh water was
found in this well to a depth of about 90 feet. Below 90 feet
the water is brackish. Three lines of casing were used in this
well as follows : eight-inch, six-inch and four-inch. The four-
inch casing is said to reach 312 feet. The water in the well
stands 13 feet from the surface. There are a number of wells
that have been drilled at this locality from 50 to 90 feet deep and
yield a fresh water.
Wall Spring, at this locality, has an estimated flow of 3,000
gallons per minute. The water from this spring is used for
medicinal purposes.
258
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
HILLSBORO COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Hillsboro County includes an area of 1,049 square miles. The
county is crossed by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and by the
Seaboard Air Line Railway, and their branches, and by the
Tampa Northern Railroad. The elevation rises in passing inland
from Tampa Bay and the Gulf. Plant City, near the east line
of the county, is reported, by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad,
to be 137 feet above sea level. The level given by the Seaboard
Air Line Railway for this locality is 125 feet above sea level.
The elevation of other points in this county, along the Seaboard
Air Line Railway, is as follows : Brandon, 74 feet ; Knights,
117 feet; Turkey Creek, 87 feet. The' elevation of points in this
county, along the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, is as follows :
Hillsboro, 35 feet ; Seffner, 74 feet, and Thonotosassa, 49 feet
above sea. The Hillsboro and Alafia Rivers flow across this
county and enter Hillsboro Bay.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
While no complete set of well drillings has been obtained,
there is little doubt but that the deep wells of this county termi¬
nate in the Vicksburg Limestone. The surface exposures along
Tampa Bay and along the Hillsboro River, for some miles above
Tampa, are of the Tampa Limestone, Upper Oligocene, which
overlies the Vicksburg formation or Lower Oligocene. A full
description of the exposures of the Tampa formation in this
county, by George C. Matson and F. G. Clapp, will be found in
the Second Annual Report of this Survey, pages 84 to 91, 1909.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
Flowing artesian wells are, probably, to be obtained entirely
around Hillsboro and Tampa Bays. The head is sufficient to
bring the water about ten to fifteen feet above sea level, and the
wells will usually flow where the. rise above sea does not exceed
this elevation. The accompanying’ map shows the area in this
county in which flowing wells can be obtained.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 259
LOCAL DETAILS.
PLANT CITY.
The public water supply at Plant City is taken from a well
340 feet deep. This well is cased 260 feet, and the water stands
33 feet from the surface.
Fig. 13. — Map showing the flowing area in Hillsboro and De'Soto
Counties. The area in which flowing wells have been obtained is indicated
by shading.
The Plant City Ice and Power Company have a well about
600 feet deep. The water in this well stands 20 feet from the
surface.
The following is a log of the well of the Warnell Lumber
and Veneer Company, as kept by the drillers, the Hughes
Specialty Well Drilling Company. The well is 266^ feet deep
and is cased with eight-inch casing to a depth of 105 feet. The
water in this well stands 45 feet from the surface.
260
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Feet.
Sand and clay . 1- 20
Sand and dark colored marl . 20- 40
Marl and medium hard rock . 40-100
Light colored hard rock . . 100-105
Medium hard rock . 105-175
Light colored hard rock . 175-190
Shell-bearing medium hard rock . 190-215
Soft shell-bearing rock . . . . . 215-266^4
TAMPA.
The water supply for the city of Tampa is obtained from
drilled wells, of which there are twenty-eight at present. The
wells range in depth from about 200 to 325 feet. Wells at a
greater depth, as a rule, reach salty water. The wells are mostly
10 inches in diameter. The casing extends from 52 to 103 feet.
The elevation above sea varies from 8 to 15^4 feet. The water
in these wells will rise 15 to 17 feet above sea level, hence most
of the wells flow at the surface. The following is a log of one
of the wells taken from the Second Annual Report of this Survey,
page 89 :
Feet.
White Pleistocene sand . 0- 2
Tough yellow clay with no sand, residual clay . 2- 12
Soft limestone, which disintegrates readily, “Tampa lime¬
stone” . . . 12- 26
Chert, “Tampa silex bed” . 26- 30
Soft limestone, closely resembling that at 12 to 26 feet. . . . 30- 36
Tough, plastic, greenish sandy clay . 36- 77
Base of the Tampa formation :
Chert . 77- 79
White’ marl . 79- 85
Soft limestone . . . 85- 90
Very light colored hard rock . 90-105
Very hard dark yellow limestone . 105-111
Gray, porous limestone with some water . 111-126
Cherty beds . 126-140
Darker limestone.
Gray plastic clay.
Hard yellow rock with chert.
Gray, porous rock, water-bearing.
Like preceding.
WATER SUPPRY OR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ERORIDA. 261
The following is a log of the well, located at the southwest
corner, Lot 2, Block IT, Bouquardez Sub-Division, 233 feet deep :
Feet.
Sand . . 0- 8
Clay . . 8- 12
Hard gray rock . 12- 36
Soft gray rock . 36- 48
Very hard dark flint... . 48- 53
Blue clay . 53-103
Gray rock with hard streaks . 103-124
Dark, hard flint . . . 124-129
White lime rock . 129-160
White clay . . 160-164
Brownish gray rock . 164-180
Lime rock . 180-233
The following is a log of a well at Ybor City. Northwest
quarter, Section 17, Township 29, Range 19, 355 feet deep. Well
now abandoned.
Feet
Sand . . . 0 - 19.4
Gray rock . . 19.4- 37.6
Tough gray clay . 37.6- 41.6
Tough gray clay with streaks of rock . 41.6- 48.2
Gray, hard, flinty rock . . . 48.2- 95
Yellow sand rock with a little water . 95 - 07
Gray rock, coarse' with dark green streaks . 97 -109.4
Yellow shell rock . . 109.4-110.4
Gray hard rock . . . 110.4-223
White sticky clay . . . 223 -228
Gray hard rock . . . 228 -240.5
Soft gray rock, not porous . 240.5-315 5
Soft gray rock . 315.5-355.5
Four wells at West Tampa, drilled by W. F. Hamilton,
formerly used for the public supply, are now used for the manu¬
facture of ice. These wells vary in depth from 360 to 760 feet.
One of these is a six-inch well, 360 feet deep, cased 135 feet.
Another is a six-inch well, 390 feet deep, cased 93 feet. A third
well is 406 feet deep and is cased 90 feet. The fourth well was
drilled at a depth of 760 feet and was cased 412 feet. The water
262
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
from this depth was salty and the well was subsequently filled to
about 400 feet. The casing was broken and fresh water admitted
at this depth. The water in the wells at this locality is reported
to stand at about seven feet from the surface.
Fig 14. — Map showing of artesian flow in Polk County. The area in
which flowing wells have been obtained is indicated by shading.
POLK COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Polk County includes a land area of 1,967 square miles. The
Lake Region crosses the central part of this county, and the
principal pebble phosphate deposits of the State are found in the
western part of the county. The following elevations are
recorded along the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, which crosses
the county from east to west and from north to south : Auburn-
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 263
dale, 167 feet; Bartow, 115 feet; Bartow Junction, 165 feet; Ft.
Meade, 130 feet; Haines City, 157 feet; Homeland, 139 feet;
Lakeland, 20'6 feet.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deep wells of this county reach the Vicksburg Limestone.
Some of the more shallow wells, especially in the Lake Region,
receive their water supply from formations lying above the Vicks¬
burg.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
Artesian wells are obtained throughout this county. As a
rule, however, the surface elevation is such that the wells do not
flow at the surface. Some of the deep wells, in the vicinity of
Mulberry, flowed when first drilled, but subsequently ceased to
flow, owing to the heavy pumping from surrounding wells. Flow¬
ing wells may be obtained in the valley of Peace River and in the
eastern part of the county, in the valley of the Kissimmee River.
In no part of the world, perhaps, is water from deep wells more
extensively used than in the pebble phosphate mining section of
Polk County. The wells in this section range in depth from 500
to 800 feet. The water rises in the boring to within 20 to 40 feet
of the surface, depending upon the elevation. Pumping is chiefly
by air lift.
LOCAL DETAILS.
BARTOW.
The city water supply, at Bartow, is taken from a six-inch
well, 720 feet deep. The well is reported cased to the bottom.
The water stands 24 feet from the surface. Pumping from this
well is direct, the pump being lowered in pit to about six feet
of the water level.
CARTERS.
Flowing wells have been obtained at Carters. These flowing
wells average in depth about 50 feet, and will flow a few feet
above the surface.
264
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
lakeland.
The public water supply of Lakeland is taken from a six-
inch well, 489 feet deep, drilled by C. E. Reed in 1904. The
well is cased about 350 feet, and the water stands 79 feet from
the surface. The well of the Lakeland Refrigerator and Ice
Company is reported to be 336 feet deep. The water in this well
stands about 100 feet from the surface.
MULBERRY.
The city water supply at Mulberry is taken from an eight-inch
well, 385 feet deep. The water stands in this well 21 feet from
the surface. The many wells in this locality, used as a source of
water supply in phosphate mining, range in depth, as previously
stated, from 500 to 800 feet. In size they vary from eight to
fourteen inches. The water stands twenty to forty feet from the
surface.
OSCEOLA COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Osceola County includes an area of 1827 square miles.
Kissimmee River and the chain of lakes from which it takes its
origin forms most of the western boundary of this county. The
surface elevation of Kissimmee, at the head of Lake Tohopekaliga,
according to levels made by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, is
63 feet above sea. Campbell, a few miles west of this lake, is
75 feet above sea. St. Cloud, on East Lake Tohopekaliga, is
63 feet above sea. Narcoossee, also on East Lake Tohopekaliga,
is 72 feet above sea.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
Pleistocene shell deposits are found in the valley of the
Kissimmee River, this formation having been recognized at a
depth of 100 feet in the well of Captain H. Clay Johnson, at Kis¬
simmee. The formations beneath the Pleistocene have not been
determined from well samples, but it is probable that the deep
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 265
'7A
Fig. 15.— Map showing the area of artesian flow in Osceola County.
The area in which flowing artesian wells have been obtained is indicated
by shading.
266
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
wells in this county reach and obtain their chief supply from the
Vicksburg Limestone.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
Flowing artesian wells are obtained in this county in the
valley of the Kissimmee River. It is probable, also, that flowing
artesian wells can be obtained in the extreme northeastern part
Fig. 16. — Map showing the area of artesian flow in Manatee County.
The area in which flowing artesian wells have been obtained is indicated
by shading.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 267
of the county, near the St. Johns River. The artesian pressure
in the wells in the Kissimmee River valley is sufficient to bring
the water from 3 to 7 feet above the surface. These flowing wells
vary in depth from less than 100 to 500 and 600 feet.
LOCAL DETAILS.
KISSIMMEE.
Numerous artesian wells have been drilled in and near Kis¬
simmee. These vary in depth from less than one hundred to
several hundred feet. The height to which the water will rise
above the surface varies from one to three or four feet. The
well of the Kissimmee Ice Factory is reported to be 309 feet
deep. The water in this well will rise four feet above the surface.
The well of H. W. Thurman, at the Granada Hotel, is 341 feet
deep and flows at the surface, supplying water for a bathing pool
and other domestic purposes. The well of F. Vans Agnew, two
miles southeast of Kissimmee, used for domestic and irrigation
purposes, is 300 feet deep and yields a strong flow of water at
the surface. Many other wells have been drilled for stock,
irrigation and domestic purposes in the Kissimmee River valley,
and the number is being rapidly increased.
NARCOOSSEE.
Several wells have been drilled at Narcoossee. These vary in
depth from 200 to 415 feet. These wells are non-flowing, the
elevation here being somewhat greater than at Kissimmee.
MANATEE COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Manatee County lies, bordering the Gulf Coast, between
Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor. The county includes an area
of 1,275 square miles. The principal streams of the county are
the Manatee River, which flows across the county from east to
2(58
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
west, and enters Tampa Bay and the Myakka River, which flows
to the south and enters Charlotte Harbor. It is probable that the
northeastern part of the county, near the headwaters of these
streams, reaches an elevation of 100 feet above sea. From this
part of the county the elevation falls off gradually toward the
coast.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The deep wells of Manatee County are believed to enter the
Vicksburg Limestone. The more shallow wells terminate in the
sands and clays before reaching this formation.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
Flowing artesian wells are obtained in Manatee County, along*
the coast and, for some distance inland, along the Manatee and the
Myakka Rivers and other streams. The flowing artesian wells,
along the Manatee River, where a great many have been drilled,
vary in depth from 200 to 600 feet. At Sarasota, on Sarasota
Bay, flowing water is obtained at 360 feet.
LOCAL DETAILS.
BRADENTOWN.
The city water supply at Bradentown is obtained from
artesian wells, which vary in depth from 410 to 528 feet. The
water from these wells will rise about thirteen feet above the
surface, equivalent to a head of about twenty-nine feet above sea
level. Numerous other wells have been drilled in and near
Bradentown, which vary in depth from 200 to 600 feet.
MANATEE.
Numerous artesian wells have been drilled in and around
Manatee for household use, irrigation and other purposes. The
well of the Excelsior Ice Company, at this locality, is 540 feet
deep, although a first flow was obtained at a depth of 360 feet.
Mr. C. H. Davis has a four-and-one-half-inch well, 510 feet deep,.
WATER SUPPR Y OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 269
cased 150 feet. This well, when measured May 21, 1910, showed
a pressure of eight pounds at the surface, which is equivalent to
a head of eighteen and one-half feet above the surface. Another
well at this locality, having a depth of 529 feet, cased 260 feet,
owned by Mr. Tallant, was found, on the same date, to have a
pressure of seven and one-half pounds, or a head above the
surface of seventeen and three-tenths feet. The relative eleva¬
tion of these two wells was not determined, but the surface eleva¬
tion at the Tallant well is estimated at about six feet above sea.
palmetto.
The city water supply at Palmetto is taken from artesian
wells. In addition to the city supply, several artesian wells have
been drilled at this locality. These vary in depth from 370 to 600
feet. The water is reported to rise 20 to 25 feet above the surface.
SARASOTA.
The well from which the public water supply is taken at
Sarasota is reported to have a depth of 450 feet. The water
rises about twenty feet above the surface. Other wells drilled at
this locality vary in depth from 360 to 400 feet. A flowing well,
drilled on Sarasota Key, is reported to be 252 feet deep. The
water from this well rises 15 feet above the surface.
DESOTO COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
DeSoto County has an area of 3,755 square miles, and extends
from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Okeechobee and the Kissimmee
River. The Lake Region extends into the north central part of
this county. It is probable that local areas are found in the Lake
Region of this county which exceed 150 feet in elevation. From
these high lands the slope is gradual to the Gulf and to Lake
Okeechobee and to the Kissimmee and the Caloosahatchee
Rivers. The following elevations are recorded along the Atlantic
270
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Coast Line Railroad, which crosses the county from north to
south: Arcadia, 56 feet; Bowling Green, 116 feet; Ft. Ogden,
37 feet; Nocatee, 38 feet; Wauchula, 107 feet; Zolfo Springs, 61
feet.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
As elsewhere in Southern Florida, the deep wells obtain
their water supply from limestones of the Vicksburg formation.
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
DeSoto County includes a considerable area, in which flowing
artesian wells can be obtained. This flowing area surrounds
Charlotte Harbor and in the valley of the Peace River extends
entirely across the county. Flowing wells are also obtained along
the Caloosahatchee River to Lake Okeechobee. It is also believed
that flowing artesian wells may be expected along the west border
of Lake Okeechobee and in the valley of the Kissimmee River,
Fig. 17. — Map showing the area of artesian flow in DeSoto County.
The area in which flowing artesian wells have been obtained is indicated
by shading.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 271
along the east border of this county. The deep wells at Punta
Gorda show a pressure of 20 pounds or more, indicating a head
of 45 to 50 feet above sea. In the interior of the county, where
the elevation is greater, the rise of the artesian water above the
surface is correspondingly less. The accompanying map shows
approximately the area of artesian flow in the county. It is prob¬
able that flowing wells can be obtained over a somewhat larger
area than is here indicated. Owing to the fact that no topographic
map has been made of this county, and comparatively few wells
have been drilled, it is impossible to closely outline the flowing
area.
LOCAL DETAILS.
ARCADIA.
The city water supply at Arcadia is taken from an eight-inch
well, 375 feet deep. The elevation at Arcadia is given by the
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad as 56 feet above sea, and the water
in the city well is reported to rise to within one foot of the surface.
A number of other wells are reported from the vicinity of Arcadia
ranging in depth from 215 to 380 feet. The water from these
wells rises to within one to seven feet of the surface. In the
valley of the Peace River, near Arcadia, flowing wells are
obtained, the water rising from seven to ten feet above the surface.
FT. OGDEN.
The surface elevation at the depot at Ft. Ogden is given as 37
feet above sea. A well, 280 feet deep, located one-half mile west
of Ft. Ogden, and belonging to Carr & Williams, flows six or
more feet above the surface. The second well, 289 feet deep,
belonging to Russell & Windsor, is said to flow 14 feet above sea.
NOCATEE.
Flowing wells are obtained at Nocatee. A well of the DeSoto
Fruit Company, one-half mile east of Nocatee, 355 feet deep,
flows eight feet above the surface. The well of the Nocatee Fruit
272
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Company, a few miles east of Nocatee, 300 feet deep, also flows
eight feet above the ground.
PUNTA GORDA.
The city water supply at Punta Gorda is taken from a six-
inch well, 484 feet deep. The well is cased 240 feet. The water
from this well is reported to rise about 40 feet above the surface.
An eight-inch well, owned by the DeSoto Manufacturing Com¬
pany, is 430 feet deep. Water from this well is reported to rise
about 50 feet above the surface. Numerous other artesian wells
have been drilled in and near Punta Gorda, varying in depth from
265 to 600 feet.
PALM BEACH COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Palm Beach County extends from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake
Okeechobee, and includes an area of 2,809 square miles. The
western part of the county extends into the Everglades of Florida.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
Samples obtained by N. H. Darton, many years ago, from the
well of C. I. Craigin, at Palm Beach, afford practically the only
information available regarding the deeper formations of this
county. The Vicksburg Limestone is believed to have been
reached in this well between 915 and 1,000 feet. The material
above this level was scarcely determinable, although apparently
the Miocene and, presumably, other formations are represented.
The limestone, lying near the surface in the eastern part of this
county, is of Pleistocene age, and is known as the Palm Beach
Limestone.*
*Second Annual Report, Florida Geol. Surv., p. 209, 1909.
WATER SUPPLY OE PASTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 273
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
Flowing artesian wells have been obtained in Palm Beach
County, along the coast as far south as Palm Beach. The depth
to the Vicksburg Limestone, which is the chief water-bearing
formation, increases in passing south to east, owing to the dip of
the formation in that direction. The Vicksburg at Palm Beach
is reached, as previously stated, between 915 and 1,000 feet. In
the northern and western parts of the county this formation may
be expected at a lesser depth, and it is probable that flowing
artesian wells may, ultimately, be obtained throughout all of the
northern and much of the western parts of Palm Beach County.
LOCAL DETAILS.
GOMEz.
A well drilled at Gomez in 1900, by John McAllister, is
reported to have reached a depth of 1,200 feet. This is a four-
inch well and is cased 300 feet. The water, which is slightly
brackish, is reported to flow 20 feet above the surface.
HOBE SOUND.
A well near Plobe Sound, belonging to T. A. Snider, and drilled
in 1895 by Near & Taylor, reached a depth of 1,100 feet. This
is a four-inch well and the water, which is slightly salty, is
reported to rise 12 feet above the surface.
palm beach.
The following is a log of the artesian well of C. I. Cragin,
two and one-fourth miles north of Palm Beach. The well is 1,212
feet deep, four inches in diameter and is cased 846 feet. The
original four-inch casing having rusted out, is now replaced by a.
line of 2j4-inch casing. At the depth of 1,140 feet the four-inch
bore hole was reduced to three inches, making the well three
inches in diameter from the depth of 1,140 to the bottom of the
well, 1,212 feet. The well was commenced in 1889 and finished,
in 1890 by J. A. Durst, driller :
274
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Feet from surface. Character of material.
0
5 .
. Surface' soil.
5
- 7 .
. Rock.
7
- 8 .
.First sand.
8
- 36 .
.Mostly fine coquina rock.
36
- 57.2 .
.Quicksand and sharp pieces of stone.
57.2
- 58 .
.First really hard rock.
58
- 76.10.
.Coquina, alternating with sandy strata.
76.10- 78 .
.Hard rock.
78
- 78.6 .
.Very hard flint.
78.6
- 84 .
.Sand, white and solid, but not hard.
84
- 96 .
.Quicksand bed, mixed with bits of coarser matt rial.
96
- 96.6 .
.Flint rock, thin.
96.6
- 97 .
.Fine sand.
97
- 148 .
.Quicksand bed.
148
- 151 .
. Solid limestone.
151
- 169.6 .
.Soft gray limestone.
169.6
- 170 .
.Hard rock.
170
- 171 .
.Shell stratum.
171
- 171.3 .
.Very hard sandstone.
171.3
- 175 .
.Sandstone.
175
- 185 .
.Alternately hard and soft limestone.
185
- 190 .
.Straw colored sandstone.
190
- 238 .
.Drab colored solid sandstone, gradually deepen¬
ing in its color to a final blue at 230 feet, with
small delicate shells throughout.
238
- 238.8 .
.Bed of small dainty shells. Water level is 3 feet
4 inches below wooden curb.
238.6
- 248 .
.Very hard drilling, required to move' casing in
these alternations. Water level above 20
inches (near 242 feet). Very active quick¬
sand.
248
- 250 .
.Took out loads of quicksand.
250
- 262 .
.Sand. Water in this sand ran slowly out of pipe
at 3 feet 6 inches above ground.
262
- 263 .
.Coquina.
263
- 300 .
.Broken shell and sand, more shell (white and
pulverized), the last few feet. Water level
just above ground level.
300
- 301.6 .
.Rock, water stands 2 feet 4 inches above curb in
this stand.
301.6
- 303.6 .
.Brown ejay, first seen in this well.
303.6
- 310 .
. Sand.
310
- 312.4 .
.Blue sandstone.
WATER SUPPLY OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 275
312.4 - 312.10.. Blue sand, shells and pieces of rotten sticks.
312.10- 315.2 ..Blue sandstone.
315.2 - 320 . . Sand, water in this sand stands 3 feet above wood¬
en curb.
320 - 321 ..Blue sandstone.
321 - 340 ..Fine shell and sand, coarser broken shell toward
bottom.
340 - 340.3 ..Rock.
340.3
- 350
. . Coarse broken shell, blue pebbles and pieces of
coquina, water 2 feet above curb, runs freely
at 1 foot above.
350
- 357
..Yellow sandstone, water 2 feet above curb.
357
- 359
. .Broken shell, pebbles, pieces of coquina.
359
- 373
. . Pulverized shell.
373
- 374
. . Gray limestone, with some broken shell lying im¬
mediately beneath, water stands 2 feet 4 inches
above on penetrating this rock.
374
- 392
. . Pulverized shell, water stands at level of wooden
curb.
392
- 400
..Alternations of rock and blue marl.
400
- 409 .
.Blue marl.
409
- 432
. .Alternations of blue marl and sand which afforded
the greatest flow to date and the first fresh
water below 49 feet.
432
- 507
. .Blue marl.
507
- 510
. . Coquina.
510
- 542
. .Proportion of sand in the marl increases very much.
542
- 571
. . Quicksand, below casing, can not drill at all. Pro¬
portion of sand in the marl increases.
571
- 614
..Marly sand. Head of water from 9 to 11 feet
above ground. Water rises so as to dribble
from a height of IV/2 feet.
614
- 618
. .Quicksand bed.
618
- 618.6
. . Rock.
618.6
- 640
. . Sand or sandstone.
640
- 707
..Fighter colored and runs to greenish marly sand
all through here. At depth 678-688 more sand,
water from 690-700, very many tiny spiral
shells.
707
- 710
..Brown, coarse material.
710
- 794.6
. . Sand with enough marl with it to give a green
color to the slush as ejected.
794.6
- 809
..Loose sand full of black specks and tiny bivalve
and spiral shells.
276
FLORIDA STATE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
809
826
828
834
839
860
867
874
876
878
902
905
917.6
917.9
923
961
973
990.6
1009
1012
1023
1025
1088
1110
1116
1174
1175
1193
1195.6
1196
- 826 ..Blue marl full of black specks.
- 828 . . Sand.
- 834 ..Sandstone.
- 839 ..Very fine, tough clay, thoroughly impervious.
- 860 . .Fine grained coquina, get dribble of water at
depth of about 844 feet 4 inches, casing
driven to depth of 846 feet, tight in rock.
- 867 ..Solid hard limestone.
- 874 . .Fine clay, devoid of grit.
- 876 ..Hard rock.
- 878 . . Lots of black specks here.
- 902 . . Clays, sandy and lots of black specks, no water.
- 905 ..Dark sand bed; here the water supply is 115,000
gallons per diem.
- 917.6 ..Thin block of stone 909 feet, about. This is the
lowest sand bed with thin block of limestone
at intervals. Water comes from between
these thin flakes of limestone.
- 917.9 ..Limestone.
- 923 . .Coralline.
- 961 ..Hard limestone rock at 923, solid rock nearly 39
feet.
- 973 . .Gritty marl.
- 990.6 . . Solid rock.
-1009 . . Sandy marl, full of tiny spirals.
-1012 ..Limestone.
-1023 . .Yellow sandstone.
-1025 ..Hard rock.
-1088 ..Rock, first of the regular water strata. Alternat¬
ing hard and soft strata. Increase of water
with depth. At depth of 1042 feet 270,000
gallons, 1057 feet 300,000 gallons, 1075 feet
350,000 gallons ; water strata found at fre¬
quent intervals.
-1110 ..Gray limestone.
-1116 ..Gray limestone interspersed with water strata,
but the flow increases but slightly. At 1160
feet flow total 400,000 gallons.
-1174 ..Solid gray limestone.
-1175 ..Blue limestone.
-1193 ..All solid.
-1195.6 ..Blue limestone (?).
-1196 . . Six inches water stratum.
-1212 . . Mostly gray limestone, with some hard and some
water strata, flow increases but little.
WATER SUPPLY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 277
The following is an analysis of the water from this well.
Analysis made in the office of the State Chemist, A. M. Henry,
analyst.
Colorless, odorless, slightly salty taste, no sediment.
Milligrams per liter.
Si02 . 17
Cl . 1337
S04 . 431
P04 . 3
CO3 . 0
HCO3 . 195
Na and K . 835
Mg . . 112
Ca . 102
Fe and A1 . 2
Loss on ignition . 357
Total dissolved solids . 3000
WEST JUPITER.
The following is an analysis of the water from Weybrecht’s
well, at West Jupiter, 57 feet deep. Analysis by the American
Water Softener Company, Philadelphia, Pa., July 23, 1908.
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Total solids .
. 62.50
1071.49
Calcium carbonate .
. 15.75
270.01
Calcium sulphate .
. 3.13
53.56
Calcium chloride .
. 2.47
42.34
Magnesium carbonate .
. 5.86
100.46
Sodium chloride . .
. 30.40
521.17
Free carbonic acid .
. 1.22
29.48
Iron, alumina and silica .
. 1.68
28.80
Incrusting solids .
. 28.89
495.28
Non-incrusting solids .
. 30.40
521.17
YAMATO.
The following is a log of a well at Yamato, drilled by the
Florida East Coast Railway. The well is cased 65 feet and the
water stands nine feet below the surface.
278
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Sand .
Yellow clay . . . .
Sand and shell .
Rock .
Gravel .
Rock .
Gravel and rock
Quicksand .
Rock .
Sand .
Rock .
Feet.
0
-24
24
-34
34
-40
40
-41.
41
-45
45
-4654
46}4
-6154
61l/2
-65
65
-67
67
-74
75
-88
The following is an analysis of the water from this well made
by the American Water Softener Company, Philadelphia, Pa.,
November 3, 1909 :
Grains per Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Calcium carbonate .
. 7.22
123.77
Calcium sulphate .
. 0.54
9.25
Calcium chloride .
. 0.78
13.38
Magnesium carbonate .
. 0.73
12.51
Sodium chloride .
. 0.81
13.78
Free carbonic acid .
. 0.56
9.60
Iron, alumina and silica .
0.23
3.94
Incrusting solids .
. 9.50
162.87
Non-incrusting solids .
. 0.81
13.78
LEE COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Lee County lies bordering the Gulf of Mexico and extends
inland to Lake Okeechobee. The area of the county is 4,641
square miles. The surface elevation in the northeastern part of
the county approximates 25 feet above sea level. No topographic
map has been made of the county, but the surface is prevailingly
level with, in general, a slope toward the coast.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The artesian wells in this county are believed to obtain their
chief supply from the Vicksburg formation.
WATER SURREY OR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EEORIDA. 279
AREA OF ARTESIAN FLOW.
Flowing wells have been obtained over an extensive area
throughout the interior of Fee County, as well as along the
Caloosahatchee River, along the northern border of the county.
It is believed that almost the whole of this county may be included
in the artesian flow area.
LOCAL DETAILS.
BOCA GRANDE.
Three deep wells have been drilled at Boca Grande, • on
Gasparilla Island. The first of these, drilled in 1910, is located
200 feet north of Boca Grande station, and was drilled by G. H.
Southard. This well is 1,030 feet deep and is reported cased 800
feet. The well yields a heavy flow of salty water. The second
deep well at this locality, drilled in 1911 by F. S. Gilbert, is
located 600 feet south of Boca Grande station. This well is 1,220
feet deep and yields a flow of 450 gallons per minute of salty
water. The temperature of the water at 1,220 feet was 89 degrees
Fahrenheit. The driller, F. S. Gilbert, reports that he cased
twenty-two times in drilling this well, the casing being driven and
pulled at each show of water in order to test for fresh water. The
well, as completed, was cased with six-inch casing to a depth of
1,200 feet. The third well, also drilled by F. S. Gilbert, is located
2,700 feet north of the station. This well is 1,812 feet deep and
is cased 1,500 feet. The water is salty. The temperature was 90
degrees Fahrenheit at 1,800 feet. The flow from these wells rises
about fifteen feet above sea level. These wells enter the Vicksburg
Limestone, and the deepest of the wells apparently does not pass
through the Vicksburg Limestone.
RT. MYERS.
The public water supply at Ft. Myers is taken from drilled
wells, of which three are in use at present. Three additional wells
are available as a reserve supply. These latter vary in depth from
280
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
487 to 587 feet. The water from these wells will rise about 45
feet above the surface. A well near Ft. Myers, belonging to
Thomas A. Edison, reaches a depth of 648 feet. The water from
this well will rise about 45 feet above the surface. Many addi¬
tional wells have been drilled in and around Ft. Myers ; these vary
in depth from 400 to 960 feet. The water from these deep wells
rises 40 to 50 feet above the surface.
labelle.
Flowing wells are obtained at Eabelle and elsewhere, along
the Caloosahatchee River. D. G. McCormick & Company have a
flowing well, about a mile north of the east end of Lake Flirt (T.
42, R. 30, S. 19). This is a three-inch well, 490 feet deep. The
well is cased 450 feet and the water is reported to rise 40 feet
above the surface. The strong flow reported for this well indicates
that flowing wells may be expected over a considerable area, north
of the Caloosahatchee River and west of Lake Okeechobee.
The keys.
A number of wells have been drilled on the keys in Lee
County. Those at Boca Grande, on Gasparilla Island, have
already been described. Two wells are reported to have been
drilled on Sanibel Island. One of these belonging to F. P. Bailey,
reached a depth of 500 or 600 feet. The second well, belonging
to Harry Bailey, is 500 feet deep. The water from both of these
wells is said to be brackish. On Useppa Island a fresh water
well was obtained by W. H. Towles, at a depth of 250 to 300 feet.
A second well on this island, reaching a depth of' 400 feet, was
said to have been somewhat brackish.
Two wells are reported from St. James Island. One of these
is 184 feet deep, the other is 344 feet deep. Both yield fresh water.
A well on Bucks Key reaches a depth of 600 feet. The water in
this well is reported to rise 20 feet above the surface.
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 281
DADE COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Dade County lies in Southern Florida, bordering the Atlantic
Coast. The county includes an area of 2,305 square miles. The
western part of the county reaches into the Everglades of Florida.
East of the Everglades the surface formation is chiefly the Miami
Oolitic Limestone.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The limestones exposed at the surface, in Dade County, are
of Pleistocene age and it is probable that most of the wells
terminate without passing through these Pleistocene formations.
The deepest well recorded in Dade County is a well drilled
recently at Homestead by the Florida East Coast Railway. This
well reached a depth of 300 feet, but the age of the formation in
which it terminated was not determined.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
The water in the wells at the city waterworks, at Miami,
rises to within fourteen inches of the surface level and flows into
the collecting basin excavated for that purpose. The possibility
of getting flowing artesian water from the Vicksburg Limestone,
which lies at a depth of several hundred feet, has not been tested
by deep borings.
LOCAL DETAILS.
DANIA.
A well has been drilled at Dania by the Florida East Coast
Railway, to a depth of 5,4 feet. The following is an analysis of
the water from this well made by the American Water Softener
Company, Philadelphia, Pa., November 3, 1909 :
282 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Total solids .
. 17.50
300.01
Calcium carbonate .
. 13.70
234.87
Magnesium carbonate . .
. 77
13.20
Sodium chloride . . . .
. . 2.56
43.88
Sodium carbonate' .
. 07
1.20
Free carbonic acid .
. 1.56
26.74
Iron, alumina and silica .
. 09
1.54
Incrusting solids .
. 14.56
249.61
Non-incrusting solids .
. 2.63
45.08
An analysis of the second sample of water from
this well.
made by the Dearborn Drug and Chemical Works, Chicago, Ill.,
July 2, 1910, is as follows :
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Silica .
. 327
5.506
Oxide of iron and alumina .
. 140
2.400
Carbonate of lime . .
. 13.058
233.865
Sulphate of lime . . .
. None
None
Carbonate of magnesia . .
. 433
7.423
Sodium and potassium sulphates .
. 212
3.634
Sodium and potassium chlorides .
. 2.380
40.802
Sodium and potassium carbonates .
. 369
6.326
Loss, etc. . . . . .
.307
5.263
Total mineral solids . .
. 17.286
296.350
. Organic matter . .
Trace
Total incrusting solids .
. 13.958
239.294
Total non-incrusting solids .
. 3.328
57.054
The following is a log of the well at Dania, obtained through
the courtesy of Mr. G. A. Miller of the Florida East Coast Rail¬
way :
Feet.
Sand . . . . . . 0- 6
, Hard pan . . . . . . 6- 8
Shell and rock . 8-20
White rock . 20-24
Shell, coarse sand and water . 24-31
Rock . 31-35
Sand and shell . 35-40
Rock . 40-42
WATER SUPPL, Y OP EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 283
Sand and shell
Gravel .
Hard rock
42-52
52-54
54-59^
HOMESTEAD.
Aii experimental well was drilled at Homestead by the Florida
East Coast Railway to a depth of 320 feet. The following is \he
analysis of the water from this well, at the depth of 16, 46, 66 and
320 feet. Analyses by the American Water Softener Company,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 1, sample of water from the depth of 16 feet:
Total solids .
Calcium carbonate . . .
Calcium sulphate .
Calcium chloride .
Calcium nitrate .
Magnesium carbonate .
Iron, alumina and silica
Incrusting solids .
rains per
Parts per
S. gallon.
million.
13.60
233.15
9.85
168.85
0.22
3.77
1.42
24.34
0.48
8.22
0.91
15.59
0.90
15.42
13.52
221.77
No. 2, sample of water from the depth of 45 feet. May 25,
1911:
Grains per Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Total solids .
. 13.50
185.24
Calcium carbonate .
. 10.14
173.83
Calcium sulphate .
. 0.22
3.77
Calcium chloride .
. 1.32
22.62
Magnesium carbonate .
. 0.45
7.71
Sodium chloride .
. 0.66
11.31
Free carbon dioxide .
. 0.90
15.42
Iron, alumina and silica .
. 0.19
3.25
Incrusting solids . .
. 12.32
211.21
Non-incrusting solids .
. 0.66
11.31
284
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
No. 3, sample of water from depth of 66 feet. June 29, 1911 :
Total solids .
Calcium carbonate ......
Calcium sulphate .
Calcium chloride ......
Calcium nitrate . .
Magnesium carbonate . .
Free carbon dioxide' . . .
Iron, alumina and silica
Incrusting solids .
1911
Total solids .
Calcium carbonate . . .
Magnesium carbonate
Sodium chloride .
Free carbon dioxide . . .
Iron, alumina and silica
Incrusting solids .
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
14.00
240.01
10.80
185.15
0.39
6.68
0.77
13.20
0.39
6.68
0.39
6.68
0.53
9.08
0.89
15.25
. . 13.63
233.67
of 320 feet.
August
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
57.40
984.05
5.08
87.09
3.34
57.26
14.35
246.01
15.76
270.18
15.76
270.18
0.26
4.45
0.25
4.28
8.76
150.18
45.87
786.39
The water at the depth of 320 feet being unsuited for boiler
use, the well was plugged and a more shallow water is being used.
The following is a log of this well, supplied by Mr. G. A.
Miller, of the Florida East Coast Railway:
Feet.
Soft rock . 0 - 10
Hard rock . 20 - 30
Medium hard rock . 30 - 40
Hard rock . 40 - 50
Medium hard rock . . . 50 - 55^4
Hard rock . . . . 5514- 58^4
WATER SUPPRY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 285
Sand . . . . . 58%- 59
Soft rock with sand pockets . 59 - 62
Loose rock and sand . 62 - 66
Sand . 66 - 81
Loose sand and rock . 81 - 84
Marl . 84 - 84%
Sand . . . 84%- 92
Marl and shell . 92 -115
Gray clay with small amount of fine sand. . . 115 -160
Clay and marl . 160 -167
Marl containing a small quantity sand and shell. Sand
increasing with depth . 167 -197
Marl or soft chalky rock . 197 -204
Tough slate colored clay . 204 -217
Marl containing sand, shell and gravel . 217 -232
Marl or soft chalk-like rock . 232 -237
Marl and sand . 237 -240
Slate colored clay . 240 -268
Clay . 268 -294
Marl and clay . 294 -298
MIAMI.
The public water supply at Miami is taken from seven wells,
located on the north side of Miami River, about one and one-half
miles west of the city. The principal supply of fresh water in
these wells is obtained at a depth of about 85 feet, although some
water is reported at 30 and at 80 feet. The water rises to within
14 inches of the surface and flows into a receiving basin. At 90
feet, in well number 7, recently drilled, salt water was reached.
This well was plugged and fresh water admitted from above.
The following notes were made from occasional samples from
one of these wells. The samples were kept by the Florida East
Coast Hotel Company :
286
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
♦ Depth from which
sample was obtained.
Feet.
Oolitic limestone . 0- 3
Non-oolitic granular rock, including some clear grains of
silica . . . 24-28
Limestone, fossils, mostly dissolved out and replaced by
calcite crystals . 28-32
Limestone, compact and partly crystallized . 64-66
Hard limestone with few fossils . 66-76
Limestone, fossils, mostly dissolved out, leaving cavities ;
also a number of rounded or flattened pebbles.. . 76-88
Hard limestone, including some water-worn pebbles . 88-99
The following is an
analysis of the water from
the Miami
wells. Analysis by the
American Water Softener
Company,
Philadelphia, Pa. :
Grains per
Parts per
U. S. gallon.
million.
Total solids .
. 17.50
300.01
Calcium carbonate .
. 12.68
217.38
Calcium sulphate .
. 0.21
3.60
Calcium chloride .
. 0.83
14.22
Magnesium carbonate . .
. 0.59
10.11
Sodium chloride .
. . 2.20
37.71
Free carbon dioxide . . .
. . . . . 0.60
10.28
Iron, alumina and silica
. . . . 0.18
3.08
Incrusting solids .
. . . 14.99
156.98
Non-incrusting solids . .
. 2.20
37.71
MONROE COUNTY.
LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES.
Monroe County lies along the Gulf Coast, at the extreme
southern end of Florida. The area of the land surface, including
the numerous keys, is about 1,125 square miles.
WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS.
The Key Largo Coralline Limestone and the Key West Oolitic
Limestone make up the surface formations along the keys. On the
WATER SUPPEY OE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ERORIDA. 287
mainland the LostmatTs River Limestone lies near the surface.
The deep wells at Key West reach the Vicksburg Limestone.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
No flowing artesian wells have been reported from Monroe
County. It is probable, however, that flowing wells could be
obtained in the northern part of the county and along the Gulf
Coast. Several wells have been drilled on the keys, along the line
of the Florida East Coast Railway. None of these, however, have
been successful in obtaining either flowing or fresh water.
LOCAL DETAILS.
KEY VACA.
Two deep wells have been drilled by the Florida East Coast
Railway at Marathon, on Key Vaca. One of these wells reached
a depth of 425 feet, the other 700 feet. The following is a com¬
bined record of these two wells by Samuel Sanford, who was in
charge of the drilling. The log is republished from the Second
Annual Report of this Survey, page 205 :
Feet.
Reef rock . 0-105
Hard to soft white limestone, with much white marl . 105-148
Soft white limestone with shell casts . 148-150
Medium hard white limestone, shell casts and shell frag¬
ments . 150-155
Soft white limestone with quartz grains, proportion of
quartz increasing with depth, shell fragments and
casts . 155-176
Medium fine quartz-sand containing numerous irregular
nodules, with yellowish marly sand at 210 to 215 feet. 176-230
Quartz sand in a varying proportion of limy mud, sand
grains, colorless mud, yellowish to dark green;
streaks and beds of friable sandstone containing shell
casts; bed of oyster shells at 240 feet . . . 230-300
Quartz sands or beds of soft, friable sandstone, contain-
taining shell casts; streaks of dark green, limy clay,
306-310 feet; beds of shells, few determinable fossils,
probably Miocene, 378-390 . 300-400
288
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Quartz sands as below 230 feet, beds of soft friable sand¬
stone with shell casts ; gravel bed with much worn
pebbles up to 40 mm. long; tough green, limy clay at
407 to 410 feet . 400-435
Quartz sands with little sandstone, tough, dark clay in
occasional streaks . 435-700
KEY WEST.
Two deep wells have been drilled at Key West. The first of
these, drilled in 1895, is reported to have reached a depth of 2,000
feet. The water obtained from this well was too salty for drink¬
ing purposes, but is used for fire protection. The following is a
log of this well, taken from the Second Annual Report of this
Survey, page 206, abbreviated from the detailed description given
by E. Q. Hovey, of samples from this well :
Feet.
Yellowish oolite . 0- 25
White yellowish or light gray limestone, with oolitic
lumps . . 50- 175
Fine white lime-sand rock . 175- 200
White, porous oolitic and sandy limestone . 200- 275
White, more or less solid limestone . 300- 375
Friable soft gray lime-sand rock . 400- 675
Yellowish to brownish lime-sand rock, Orbit oides , 800
to 850 feet . 700-1075
Fight gray, partly dense and partly porous limestone... 1100-1175
Gray lime-sand rock . 1200-1350
Yellowish gray lime-sand rock, with some porous lime¬
stone . 1375-1450
Lime-sand rock, varying in color and compactness, with
strata of dense limestone . 1475-1975
Yellowish to light brownish-gray limestone, rather
solid, with porous portions . 1975-2000
A second deep well was drilled at this locality by J. T. Brown
for S. O. Johnson. This well is 1,010 feet deep and reached salty
water. Occasional samples of the drillings from this well to a
depth of 540 feet were forwarded to the Florida State Geological
Survey. Below 540 feet only one sample was received, which was
submitted as representing the material from 800 to 1,010 feet.
The following partial log is made up from these occasional
samples :
WATER SUPPLY OP PASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEORIDA. 28&
Depth from which the
Character of rock. sample was taken.
Feet.
Oolitic limestone with she'll fragments. In color the oolitic
grains vary from light to pinkish. The sample contains
little or no quartz sand . . . . 30
Soft limestone powdered very fine, not so conspicuously
oolitic as last sample . 50
Oolite, light and pinkish oolite grains . 70
Light colored oolitic limestone with fragments of shells . 80
Oolitic limestone with fragments of shell. Oolite grains vary
in color, from light to pinkish . 100
From 100 to 210 feet no fine material was brought up by the
drill. A salty sulphur water was reached at this depth,
and the fine material carried away apparently in the water.
The coarse pieces brought up in this distance were as
follows :
Piece of coral and limestone, consisting of fragments of shells
and other organisms, also pieces of dark-colored lime¬
stones . 135
Pieces of hard crystallized limestone and fragment of coral.. 150
Rough white limestone pieces with shell fragments, also pieces
of limestone made up of a mass of shell fragments; also
oolitic limestone . 175
Oolitic limestone with shells and shell fragments, also rough
white limestone and partially crystallized limestone . 200
Rough white limestone with shell fragments, partially crys¬
tallized . 210
Rough white limestone with shell fragments . 260
Oolite grains light and pinkish in color; also pieces of rough
limestone . 270
Mass of calcium crystals, stained brownish yellow . 325
Rough light-colored limestone pieces with fragments of shells
and of corals . 340
Rough light-colored limestone pieces with fragments of shells,
corals, worm tubes, and light and pinkish oolite with
admixture of greenish-gray calcarous material . 350
Greenish-gray calcareous sand, with occasional oolite grains
imbedded, but no fossils and no siliceous sand . 370
Light-colored limestone with fossils and pieces of typical
oolite . 380
290
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Gray calcareous sand with slight admixture of siliceous sand.. 390
Same gray calcareous sand with some pieces of impure light-
colored limestone and with one calcite crystal. . . 400
Same as above, gray calcareous sand, with some light-colored
limestone . . . . . 425
Light, rough limestone with fossils and typical oolite . 450
Gray calcareous sand and light limestone. . . . . 475
Same gray calcareous sand with light-colored limestone . 515
Same gray calcareous sand with fine siliceous sand. ........... 530
Same as above . . . . . 540
The sample submitted, as representing the material from 800
to 1,010 feet, is limestone, apparently of the Vicksburg formation.
PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK IN FLORIDA
DURING 191*;
E. H. Sellards.
The production of phosphate rock in Florida which has
steadily increased during the past several years shows, according
to statistics collected by the State Geological Survey, a further
increase during 1912. The output for 1911 was 2,494,572 long
tons, while during 1912 the output, as reported to the State Geo¬
logical Survey by the producers, was 2,579,865 long tons, an
increase of nearly one hundred thousand tons. The increase
occurred in both the hard rock and pebble mines. It was greatest,
however, in the hard rock mines, this being the reverse of the
preceding few years during which the increase had been most
rapid in the pebble mines. Thirty companies in all were engaged
in mining phosphate in Florida during 1912. Of these fourteen
companies were mining hard rock phosphate while sixteen com¬
panies were mining pebble phosphate.
The foreign shipments of phosphate rock from Florida dur¬
ing 1912 amounted to 1,203,005 tons. The amount consigned
for domestic shipment, as reported by the producers, was 1,219,927
tons. It thus appears that approximately one-half of the phos¬
phate mined in Florida is used in the United States. Hard rock
phosphate is said to have sold at the mines during 1912 at about
$6.00 per ton. Pebble phosphate sold at the mines at $2.75 to
$4.50 per ton, depending upon the grade.
HARD ROCK PHOSPHATE.
Notwithstanding a season of unprecedented rain the mining
of hard rock phosphate progressed actively during 1912, resulting
in a decided increase in production over the preceding year. The
production of hard rock during 1911 in Florida was 474,094 tons
while during 1912 there was mined 536,3^9 tons. The removal of
overburden by hydraulics is becoming very general in the hard
rock section and has been an important factor in the increased
production of rock. Electric lighting and power has made it pos-
292
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
sible ,to introduce day and night shifts in the Withlacoochee River
mines, one or two plants near Dunnellon having been so operated
during 1912. The total number of plants mining hard rock phos¬
phate at the beginning of 1912 was forty-three. Some of these
worked out deposits or for other reasons closed down, while
several new plants opened up. Forty plants were operating in
the hard rock section at the close of the year.
The domestic shipments of hard rock phosphate during 1912
ampunted to 15,425 tons, of which 10,449 tons were consigned
for use in Florida. The amount of hard rock consigned for
export, as reported by the producers, was 473,639 tons, as against
462,072 tons during 1911. The amount of hard rock phosphate
actually loaded for shipment during 1912 at the various ports was
470,354 tons.
PEBBLE phosphate.
The production of pebble phosphate during 1912 shows a
slight increase over that of 1911. The output of pebble for 1911
was 2,020,478 tons, while during 1912 the output was 2,043,486
tons. The number of plants engaged in mining pebble phosphate
in Florida during 1912 was sixteen, although several mines are
frequently worked from one plant. The overburden from the
pebble rock is removed by steam shovel or by hydraulics. The
rock itself is mined by hydraulics or by steam shovel. Many of
the pebble mines run day and night shifts.
The amount of pebble phosphate consigned during 1912 for
domestic use, as reported by the producers, was 1,204,502 tons, of
which 32,425 tons were consigned for use in Florida. The amount
of pebble rock consigned for export during 1912, as reported by
the producers, was 682,232 tons. The amount of phosphate
actually loaded and cleared for shipments through the several
ports during the calendar year 1912, as reported in the American
Fertilizer, January 25, 1913, was 732,651 tons, from which it
appears probable that a -small amount of phosphate sold by the
producers to parties in the United States and hence reported by
them as domestic shipments, was subsequently exported. The
amount of phosphate actually loaded at the ports is used in giving
PRODUCTION OP PHOSPHATE ROCK.
293
the total exports'. The statistics on the production of phosphate
rock have been obtained direct from the producers and are
complete for all plants operated in Florida.
PHOSPHATE COMPANIES OPERATING IN FLORIDA DURING 1912.
Amalgamated Phosphate Co . 25 S. Calvert St., Baltimore, Md.,
and Chicora, Fla.
Armour Fertilizer Works . Bartow, Fla.
Peter B. and Robert S. Bradley . 92 State St., Boston, Mass., and Flo¬
ral City, Fla.
J. Buttgenbach & Co . . . Holder, Fla.
Camp Phosphate Co... . Ocala and Dunnellon, Fla.
Central Phosphate Co . Dutton, Fla.
Charleston, S. C., Mining and Manufacturing Co. Charleston, S. C., and
Ft. Meade, Fla.
Compagnie Generale des Phosphates
de la Floride . Paris, France, and Pembroke, Fla.
Coronet Phosphate Co . Lakeland, Fla., and 99 Tohn St, New
York.
Cummer Lumber Co . Jacksonville and Newberry, Fla.
The Dominion Phosphate Co . Bartow, Fla.
The Dunnellon Phosphate Co . Rockwell, Fla.
Dutton Phosphate Co . Gainesville, Fla.
Florida Mining Co . 165 Broadway, New York, and Mul¬
berry, Fla.
Florida Phosphate Mining Corpora¬
tion . . . Norfolk, Va., and Bartow, Fla.
Franklin Phosphate Co. . Newberry, Fla.
Holder Phosphate Co . Ocala and Inverness, Fla.
International Phosphate Co . 27 State St., Boston, Mass., and Ft.
Meade, Fla.
Interstate Chemical Corporation _ Charleston, S. C., and Bowling
Green, Fla.
Istachatta Phosphate Co . Istachatta, Fla.
Mutual Mining Co...- . Savannah, Ga., and Newberry, Fla.
Palmetto Phosphate Co . Baltimore, Md., and Tiger Bay, Fla.
The Phosphate Mining Co . . .55 Johns St., New York, and Nich¬
ols, Fla.
Pierce Phosphate Co . . . 2 Rector St., New York, and Pierce,
Fla.
Prairie Pebble Phosphate Co . 165 Broadway, New York, and Mul¬
berry, Fla.
Schilman & Bene . . . Ocala, Fla.
The Southern Phosphate Develop¬
ment Co. . Ocala and Inverness, Fla.
Standard Phosphate Co . Christina, Fla.
State Phosphate Co . . . Bartow, Fla.
T. A. Thompson . Neals, Fla.
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENT OF FLORIDA PHOSPHATE FOR THE YEARS
1908, 1909, 1910, 1911 and 1912 (Long Tons).
Hard Rock : 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
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Total recorded shipments 1908 to 1912 inclusive . 10,337,403 tons
Total amount of phosphate produced in Florida from the beginning of mining in 1888 to
1912 inclusive . . 23,280,127 tons
STATISTICS ON PUBLIC ROADS.
E. H. Sellards.
A report on roads and road materials of Florida, including
statistics, was published by the State Geological Survey in 1911.
The accompanying tabulated statement is issued to supple¬
ment that report and to complete the statistics to the close of 1912.
While the statistics in regard to mileage and cost of construction
are necessarily approximate, yet the data are sufficiently accurate
to give in a general way the present condition of road building
in the State. The information has been supplied chiefly by
courtesy of the county officials of the several counties.
At the close of 1912 the total mileage of improved roads in
Florida was approximately 2,848 miles. Of this number 857.8
miles are surfaced with marl or crushed stone; 1,408.75 are sur¬
faced with sand-clay ; 218 miles are surfaced with shell ; 5.2 miles
with cement; 26.5 miles with gravel; .4 mile with asphalt and
8.5 miles with brick.
In addition to the funds available from regular and special
taxes, the following counties have issued bonds during the past
two years for road improvement: Alachua, $40,000; Columbia,
$40,000 ; Dade, $250,000 ; Jackson, $100,000 ; St. Johns, $30,000 ;
Walton, $70,000. The following counties had previously issued
■bonds : Duval, $1,000,000 ; Hillsboro, $400,000 ; Manatee,
$250,000; Nassau, $60,000; Palm Beach, $200,000; Put¬
nam, $155,000, and St. Lucie, $200,000. The total expenditure
on public roads in Florida from all sources exceeds one million
dollars per annum.
STATISTICS ON PUBLIC ROADS COLLECTED BY THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1912
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including Pinellas County, flncluded with Hillsboro County.
INDEX.
PAGlS.
Anastasia Island, wells on . . . . . . 185
Alachua county, phosphates of . . . . . 33
Alum Bluff formation . . . . . . 117
Apalachicola group . . . . . . . . 117
Arcadia, wells at . . . . . . . . . . 271
Areas of artesian flow in Florida . . . 157
Armstrong, wells at . . . . . . . 187
Artesian basin . . . . . . . . . 141
Artesian slope . . . . . . . 142
Artesian water supply, paper on. . . . . . 103
Atlantic coast, flowing area of . . . 157
Baldwin, wells at . . . 176
Bartow, wells at . . . . . . 263
Bayard, wells at . . . . . . 176
Boca Grande, wells at . . . . . . 279
Bostwick, wells at . . . . . . . 207
Boulders, formation of . . . . . 60
Bradentown, wells at . 268
Brevard county, areas of artesian flow in . 233
location and surface features of . 232
water bearing formations of ' . . . 233
Brown, Lucius P . . . . . . . 50, 53
Bunnell, wells at . . . . . . 187
Callahan, wells at . . . . . . 165
Carters, wells at . . . . . ... 263
Cause of loss of flow . . . . . . . 151
Cause of movement of underground water. . . . 133
Chattahoochee formation . . . . . . 117
Chester Shoals, wells at _ _ ...... . . . . . 233
Chuluota, wells at . . . . . 215
Citrus County, phosphates of . . 35
City Point, wells at ...... . . . . . . . 234
Clapp, F. G . . . . . . . . 39, 114
Clay county, areas of artesian flow in . . . . 200
location and surface features of . 197
map of . . . . . 199
water bearing formations of . . . . 198
Clearwater, wells at . . . . . . . 250
Climate of eastern and southern Florida . . . . 123
Cocoa, wells at . . . . . . 235
Columbia county, phosphates of . . . . . 32
300
Florida state: geological survey.
PAGE.
Conditions necessary; to obtain artesian water . . . 140
Cost of wells . 145
Cox, E. T . 46, 51
Crandall, wells at . 167
Cragin, C. I., well of . 273
Crescent City, wells at . 207
Dade county, areas of artesian flow in . 281
location and surface features of . . . 281
water bearing formations of . 281
Dali, W. H . 39, 47, 51, 53
Dania, wells at . 281
Darton, N. H . 47, 53.
Davidson, W. B. M. . . 47. 50
Daytona, wells at . 222
DeLand, wells at . 225
Depth of underground water . 134
DeSoto county, areas of artesian flow in . 270
location and surface features of . 269
map of . 270
water bearing formations of . 270
Dinner Island, wells at . 187
Doctors Inlet, wells at . . . 200
Dunedin, wells at . 251
Dunnellon formation . 31
Duval county, areas of artesian flow in . 175
location and surface features of . 172
map of . 173
water bearing formations of . 174
Eau Gallie, wells at . 236
Eden, wells at . 246
Eldridge, George H . 40, 48, 51, 53
Elevations in Florida, list of . 81
Elkton, wells at . 187
Enterprise, wells at . 226
Erosion by underground solution . 55
Espanola, wells at . . . 188
Espiritu Santo Springs . 251
Evergreen, wells at . 167
Federal Point, wells at . 188
Fernandina, wells at . 167
Florida, topography of . 83
/
FIFTH ANNUM REPORT — INDEX. 301
PAGE).
Ft. Myers, wells at . 279
Ft. Ogden, wells at . . . 271
Ft. Pierce, wells at . 246
Fossils in the hard rock phosphate deposits . . . 56
Frontenac, wells at . 237
Geneva, wells at . 216
Geology of eastern Florida . 114
Gomez, wells at . 273
Grant, wells at . 237
Green Cove Springs, wells at . 200
Gulf coast, flowing areas of . . 158
Gulf hammock belt . 64
Hardpan . 128
Hard rock phosphate belt . 64
Hard rock phosphate deposits, paper on . 27
Hastings, wells at . 189
Hawthorne formation . 117
Hernando county, phosphates of . 36
Hibernia, wells at . 202
Hilliard, wells at . 170
Hillsboro county, areas of artesian flow in . 258
location and surface features of . 258
map of . 259
water bearing formations of . 258
Hobe Sound, wells at . 273
Holy Branch, wells at . 190
Homestead, wells at . 283
Hurds, wells at . 191
Hydrogen sulphide in underground water . 135
Increased flow with increased depth . 146
Increased head with increased depth . 146
Increased temperature with increased depth . 147
Italia, wells at . 171
Jacksonville’ formation . 118
Jacksonville, precipitation at . 126
temperature at . 123
wells at . 176
Johnson, L. C . 41, 44, 50, 51
Jumeau, L. P . 50, 53
302 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PAGE
Key Vaca, wells on . 287
Key West, precipitation at . 126
temperature at . . . 124
wells at . 288
Kings Ferry, wells at . . . . . . 171
Kissimmee, wells at . . . 267
Kost, J. . . 43
Labelle, wells at . 280
Lake Helen, wells at . 228
Lakeland, wells at . . . . 264
Lake Region . 65
Largo, wells at . 252
LeBaron, J. Francis . . . 41
Lee county, areas of artesian flow in . . . 279
location and surface features of . 278
water bearing formations of . 278
Ledoux, Albert R . 45, 53
Le'no, wells at . 202
Lessie, wells at . 172
Lofton, wells at . . . . . 172
Loss of head and reduction in flow . 149
Magnolia Springs, wells at . 203
Malabar, wells at . 237
Manatee, wells at . 268
Manatee county, areas of artesian flow in . 268
location and surface features of . 267
map of . 266
water bearing formations of . 268
Mandarin, wells at . 180
Manhattan Beach, wells at . 181
Marion county, phosphates of . 34
Matson, George C . 39, 114
Maxville, wells at . 182
Mayport, wells at . 182
Melbourne, wells at . 237
Memminger, C. G . 40
Merritts Island . 240
Miami, precipitation at . 126
temperature at . 124
wells at . . . . . .... . . . 285
Micco, wells at . 241
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT — INDEX. 303
PAGE.
Middleburg, wells at . 203
Middle Florida hammock belt . . . . . . 64
Millar, C. C. Hoyer . . . . . 43, 48
Miocene . 118
Mitchell, A. J . 114
Monroe county, artesian wells of . 287
location and surface features of . 286
water bearing formations of . 286
Morehead, T. S . 43
Moultrie, wells at . . . . . 191
Mulberry, wells at . 264
Narcoossee, wells at . 267
Narrows, wells at . 248
Nassau county, areas of artesian flow in . . . 164
location and surface features of . . . 162
map of . 173
water bearing formations of . . 162
Neal, J. C . 40
New Smyrna, precipitation at . 126
temperature at . 123
wells at . 228
Nocatee, wells at . 271
Oak Hill, wells at . 229
Oligocene . 114
Orange City, wells at . 230
Orange county, areas of artesian flow in . . . . 215
location and surface features of . 214
map of . 214
water bearing formations of . 215
Orange Mills, wells at . 208
Orchid, wells at . 248
Orlando, wells at . 217
Ormond, wells at . 231
Osceola county, areas of artesian flow in . 266
location and surface features of . 264
map of . 265
water bearing formations of . 264
Oviedo, wells at . . . . . . . 217
Ozona, wells at . 252
304 FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PAGE.
Palatka, wells at . 209
Palm Beach county, areas of artesian flow in . 273
location and surface features of . 272
water bearing formations of . 272
Palm Beach, wells at . 273
Palmetto, wells at . . . 269
Pass-a-Grille, wells at . . . 252
Penial, wells at . 211
Penrose', R. A. F . 44
Peoria, wells at . 205
Phosphate boulders, formation of . 61
Phosphates of Florida, bibliography on . . . 67
Phosphates, origin of . 37, 52
paper on . 27
production of during 1912 . . . 291
Phosphoric acid, source of . 58
Pickel, J. M . 40
Picolata, wells at . 192
Pierson, wells at . 232
Pinellas county, areas of artesian flow in . 250
location and surface features of . . 250
map of . 259
water bearing formations in . . . 250
Pinellas Park, wells at . 253
Plant City, wells at . . . . 259
Plate rock, origin of . 62
Pleistocene . 119
Pliocene . 119
Polk county, areas of artesian flow in . 263
location and surface features of . 262
map of . 262
water bearing formations of . 263
Pratt, N. H . 40, 48, 50
Precipitation in eastern and southern Florida . 125
Public roads, statistics on . 295
Punta Gorda, wells at . 272
Putnam county, areas of artesian flow in . 207
location and surface features of . 206
map of . 199
water bearing formations of . 206
fifth annual report — index. 305
page:.
Rate of movement of underground water . . 133
Rice Creek, wells at . 211
. Rivers of eastern Florida . 122
Riverdale, wells at . 192
Roads, statistics on . 295
Rockledge, wells at . 241
Rodman, wells at . 211
Roseland, wells at . 248
Roy, wells at . 193
Russell, wells at . . . . . 205
St. Augustine, wells at . . 193
St. Johns county, areas of artesian flow in . 185
location and surface features of . 183
map of . , ..4 . . 186
water bearing formations of . 184
St. Lucie county, areas of artesian flow in . 245
location and surface features of . 245
water bearing formations of . 245
St. Petersburg, wells at . 253
Sanford, wells at . 218
San Mateo, wells at . 212
Sarasota, wells at . 269
Satsuma, wells at . 212
Sebastian, wells at . 249
Sellards, E. H., paper by . . . 23, 81, 103
Seminole, wells at . 257
Seville, wells at . 232
Sharpes, wells at . 242
Shepard, Chas. U . 40, 44
Silica boulders . 60
Simmons, C. A . 40
Slichter, C. S . 150
Snowden, R. R . 42
Soils of eastern and southern Florida . 127
Source of artesian water of Florida . 144
Source of underground water . 129
State Chemist, analyses by . 114
Sulphur deposits formed from hydrogen sulphide . 138
Sutherland, wells at . 257
Suwannee county, phosphates of . . . : . 32
Switzerland, wells, at . 196
306 FLORIDA STAFF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PAGE.
Tampa formation . 117
Tampa, precipitation at . ' 126
temperature at . 124
wells at . 260
Tarpon Springs, wells at . 257
Temperatrue in eastern and southern Florida . . . 123
Tillman, wells at . 243
Titusville, wells at . 243
Topography of eastern Florida . 121
Topographic map, explanation of . 82
Underground circulation of water . 133
Underground water level, relation of, to phosphate deposits . 59
Valkaria, wells at . 245
Vaughn, T. W . 39
Vicksburg limestone . 114
Vogt, Albertus . 42
Volusia county, areas of artesian flow in . 222
location and surface features of . 221
map of . 223
water bearing formations of . 222
Waggaman, W. H . 44
Walkill, wells at . 205
Wall Springs, wells at . . . . : . 257
Waste of artesian water . 152
Water supply, paper on . 113
Welaka, wells at . 212
West Jupiter, wells at . 277
West Tocoi, wells at . 205
Woodburn, wells at . 213
Williams Crossing, wells at . 205
Willis, Edward . 44
Wyatt, Francis . . . 45, 50
Yamato, wells at . 277
Yelvington, wells at . 196^
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
E. H. SELLARDS, Ph. D., STATE GEOLOGIJ
82°
LEGEND
FLORIDA STATE GEOLOGICAL SUR\
E. H. SELLARDS, PH. D., STATE GEOLOGIST
MAP OF
FLORIDA
SHOWINO
TOPOGRAPHY, HARD ROCK AND LAN
PEBBLE PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS, AND
AREAS OF ARTESIAN FLOW
Geological Survey
n, and formed a part
States Geological Su
The sources from v«
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